This page was last edited on 22 February 2023, at 19:38. On 15 November 1863, Christian IX became king of Denmark and duke of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg, which the Danish king held in personal union. [9] This interpretation became a key building block of the Borussian myth expounded by the pro-Prussian nationalist historians later in the 19th century. That is a short German unification summary, but the process was complex, and you can learn more about it by looking at the German unification timeline and detailed account of the wars of . Last edited on 22 February 2023, at 19:38, accession of South German states and constitutional adoption of the name German Empire, Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Constitution of the German Confederation (1871), dissolution of its dominant founding federated state, August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben, Helmuth von Moltke the Elder Moltke's Theory of War, Modern History Sourcebook: Documents of German Unification, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Germany&oldid=1140984542, Kocka, Jrgen and Mitchell, Allan. They brought Austria and Hungary together into one empire. [80], A quick peace was essential to keep Russia from entering the conflict on Austria's side. [30] States more distant from the coast joined the Customs Union earlier. Good grades in such AP tests can result in the student being granted exemption from certain college freshman courses. AP EUROPEAN HISTORY SUMMER, 2017 ASSIGNMENTS Welcome to AP European History. [58], This sphere of influence system depended upon the fragmentation of the German and Italian states, not their consolidation. The other states retained their own governments, but the military forces of the smaller states came under Prussian control. The needle gun, one of the first bolt action rifles to be used in conflict, aided the Prussians in both this war and the Austro-Prussian War two years later. [91] Over the next few weeks, the Spanish offer turned into the talk of Europe. Not being a member mattered more for the states of south Germany, since the external tariff of the Customs Union prevented customs-free access to the coast (which gave access to international markets). The Zollverein, the economic unity of the German states, inspired the idea of nationalism. [76], In the Diet, the group of middle-sized states, known as Mittelstaaten (Bavaria, Wrttemberg, the grand duchies of Baden and Hesse, and the duchies of SaxonyWeimar, SaxonyMeiningen, SaxonyCoburg, and Nassau), supported complete demobilization within the Confederation. Bismarck's path to unification came through diplomacy and war. Once he arrived, however, he ordered his troops immediately into the fray. No German state may treat Germans who are not its citizens as foreigners. Sometimes, as with the case of German Catholics, this was a relatively benign process; the case of Poland, however, shows a different side of German unification. emphasized their distinctiveness for not only the Christian Germans, but for the local Jewish populations as well. [68], By 1862, when Bismarck made his speech, the idea of a German nation-state in the peaceful spirit of Pan-Germanism had shifted from the liberal and democratic character of 1848 to accommodate Bismarck's more conservative Realpolitik. Harvey, David Allen. Bismarck used the king's telegram, called the Ems Dispatch, as a template for a short statement to the press. By late spring, most important states opposed Berlin's effort to reorganize the German states by force. He fled his U.S. Army post in the 1950s in danger of reprisals for his left-wing activities at Harvard and in Buffalo, New York. Yet, as Germans discovered, grand speeches, flags, and enthusiastic crowds, a constitution, a political reorganization, and the provision of an imperial superstructure; and the revised Customs Union of 186768, still did not make a nation. [19] Metternich was able to harness conservative outrage at the assassination to consolidate legislation that would further limit the press and constrain the rising liberal and nationalist movements. Those who speak the same language are joined to each other by a multitude of invisible bonds by nature herself, long before any human art begins; they understand each other and have the power of continuing to make themselves understood more and more clearly; they belong together and are by nature one and an inseparable whole. Expand All Ukrainian forces repelled numerous Russian attacks in Bakhmut over the past 24 hours, Kyiv said on March 4, despite claims by Moscow's mercenaries that the eastern city that has been the focal . Wagner hoped that by the time the overture reached its crescendo, the music would have suitably "unified" the audience. While the liberals failed to achieve the unification they sought, they did manage to gain a partial victory by working with the German princes on many constitutional issues and collaborating with them on reforms. Initially conceived by the Prussian Finance Minister Hans, Count von Blow, as a Prussian customs union in 1818, the Zollverein linked the many Prussian and Hohenzollern territories. In the refrain, "Dear fatherland, dear fatherland, put your mind to rest / The watch stands true on the Rhine", and in such other patriotic poetry as Nicholaus Becker's "Das Rheinlied" ("The Rhine"), Germans were called upon to defend their territorial homeland. Will give brainliest and a will put up a free point questionthe following question refers to a hypothetical situation. . Let us hope, then, that you can use your energy to overcome your moth-eaten thirty tyrants of the various German states. [15], The period of Austrian and Prussian police-states and vast censorship between the Congress of Vienna and the Revolutions of 1848 in Germany later became widely known as the Vormrz, the "before March", referring to March 1848. By establishing a Germany without Austria, the political and administrative unification in 1871 at least temporarily solved the problem of dualism. Although the Prussian army had been dramatically defeated in the 1806 Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, it had made a spectacular comeback at Waterloo. Multi-scale modelling of chemical engineering applications and systems optimisation. opaeeftakppooeiflei# 01848--1871: unification of Germany and final unification of Italy and introductionof 3rd republic in France. The first episode in the saga of German unification under Bismarck came with the Schleswig-Holstein Question. Nationalism and Realism - Sample Homework Pacing (Page numbers are from Spielvogel, 9 th edition) Assignment 1: Napoleon III MindTap: Setting the Scene Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire, pages 658-660 The Second Napoleonic Empire, page 660 Foreign Policy: The Crimean War, pages 660-662 AP Euro Bit by Bit: Who Was Napoleon III? [45], On 27 March 1849, the Frankfurt Parliament passed the Paulskirchenverfassung (Constitution of St. Paul's Church) and offered the title of Kaiser (Emperor) to the Prussian king Frederick William IV the next month. acted as unofficial portfolio ministers. [50], More recent scholarship has rejected this idea, claiming that Germany did not have an actual "distinctive path" any more than any other nation, a historiographic idea known as exceptionalism. [1], Invasion of the (mostly ceremonial at the time) HRR by the First French Empire in the War of the Second Coalition (17981802) resulted in crushing the HRR and allied forces by Napoleon Bonaparte. They conclude that factors in addition to the strength of Bismarck's Realpolitik led a collection of early modern polities to reorganize political, economic, military, and diplomatic relationships in the 19th century. "Imagined Regions: The Construction of Traditional, Democratic, and Other Identities." Second, the unification of Italy provided Prussia an ally against Austria in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. In October 1813, more than 500,000 combatants engaged in ferocious fighting over three days, making it the largest European land battle of the 19th century. You'll learn about Guisseppe Garibaldi, Victor Emmanuelle, Otto von . [51] Instead, modern historians claim 1848 saw specific achievements by the liberal politicians. Although an arch-conservative, Bismarck. Furthermore, it was becoming increasingly clear that both Austria and Prussia wanted to be the leaders in any resulting unification; each would inhibit the drive of the other to achieve unification. For a representative analysis of this perspective, see. 432; Holt, p. 75. In his first two wars, Bismarck balanced Russian and French concerns over the growing power of Prussia. the foundation of East Francia from eastern Frankish Empire (Francia) in 843, especially when the Ottonian dynasty took power to rule it in 919, though the Empire subsequently entered period of increasing fragmentation. The post-revolutionary European world became one of dramatic nation building that ultimately set the stage for 20th century nationalistic fervor, but before we can get nationalist passions riled up, we need to make some more nations. ultimate guide to Euro 2020, epic interviews with the stars, plus the UK and Ireland dream team and also discover everything you need to know about Messi, Ronaldo, Kane, Salah, Mbappe, Maguire, Hazard, Pogba and all the other top footballers. The militaries of the larger states (such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Saxony) retained some autonomy, but they underwent major reforms to coordinate with Prussian military principles and came under federal government control in wartime. A complete overview of the AP European History exam. The unification of Germany (German: Deutsche Einigung, pronounced [dt an] (listen)) was the process of building the modern German nation-state with federal features based on the concept of Lesser Germany (one without multinational Austria of the Habsburgs), which commenced on 18 August 1866 with adoption of the North German Confederation Treaty establishing the North German Confederation, initially a Prussian-dominated military alliance which was subsequently deepened through adoption of the North German Constitution. Oxford and New York: Berg, 1991. Like their French counterparts, wealthy German Jews sponsored salons; in particular, several Jewish salonnires held important gatherings in Frankfurt and Berlin during which German intellectuals developed their own form of republican intellectualism. In addition, a large part of Poland had been part of Prussia since the eighteenth century. The theater is in complete darkness as a long, sustained E-flat is played. The second war of German unification was the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, which settled the question of "smaller" versus "greater" Germany. At a meeting in Biarritz in September 1865 with Napoleon III, Bismarck had let it be understood (or Napoleon had thought he understood) that France might annex parts of Belgium and Luxembourg in exchange for its neutrality in the war. Different groups offered different solutions to this problem. Beyond the salons, Jews continued a process of Germanization in which they intentionally adopted German modes of dress and speech, working to insert themselves into the emerging 19th-century German public sphere. Giant AP Euro Terms List with complete solutions 2023 - Docmerit Giant AP Euro Terms List with complete solutions 2023 $20.45 Add to Cart Browse Study Resource | Subjects Liberty University Health Care Giant AP Euro Terms List with complete solutions 2023 Exam Giant AP Euro Terms List with complete solutions 2023 Although the Junkers did, indeed, continue to control the officer corps, they did not dominate social, political, and economic matters as much as the Sonderweg theorists had hypothesized. Although those living in the states that became part of the German Empire largely shared a common linguistic (German) and religious (Protestant) bond, the borders of the new empire included millions who identified neither with German language and culture (French, Danes, and Poles) nor with the dominant religion (Catholics and Jews). Throughout the subsequent decades, beginning almost immediately after the defeat of the French, reaction against the mixing of Jews and Christians limited the intellectual impact of these salons. Any story of German unification must include Otto von Bismarck (181598). No German state is permitted to distinguish between its citizens and other Germans. He rejected liberal politics and constitutionalism in favor of unification "from above" through military force and diplomatic scheming. Edit. His Kulturkampf, or "struggle for civilization," was an attack on the power of the Catholic Church in Germany. [115], For some Germans, the definition of nation did not include pluralism, and Catholics in particular came under scrutiny; some Germans, and especially Bismarck, feared that the Catholics' connection to the papacy might make them less loyal to the nation. [96], The humiliating capture of the French emperor and the loss of the French army itself, which marched into captivity at a makeshift camp in the Saarland ("Camp Misery"), threw the French government into turmoil; Napoleon's energetic opponents overthrew his government and proclaimed the Third Republic. With the proclamation of Wilhelm as Kaiser, Prussia assumed the leadership of the new empire. In this unit, there are two big pieces of content to cover: the unification of Italy and German, as well as New Imperialism. Unifying various states into one nation required more than some military victories, however much these might have boosted morale. The negotiators at Vienna took no account of Prussia's growing strength within and declined to create a second coalition of the German states under Prussia's influence, and so failed to foresee that Prussia would rise to challenge Austria for leadership of the German peoples. Finally, in 1870 the Regency offered the crown to Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, a prince of the Catholic cadet Hohenzollern line. Josep R. Llobera and Goldsmiths' College. Applegate, Celia. In concert with the newly formed Italy, Bismarck created a diplomatic environment in which Austria declared war on Prussia. In April 1866, the Prussian representative in Florence signed a secret agreement with the Italian government, committing each state to assist the other in a war against Austria. Ask students to close their eyes and imagine sitting in a darkened Festspielhaus in 1876, the night of the opera's premiere. Russia's included the eastern regions of Central Europe and a balancing influence in the Balkans. In November 1850, the Prussiansspecifically Radowitz and Frederick Williamagreed to the restoration of the German Confederation under Austrian leadership. After the victory over Austria in 1866, Prussia began internally asserting its authority to speak for the German states and defend German interests, while Austria began directing more and more of its attention to possessions in the Balkans. [8] The critical role played by Blcher's troops, especially after having to retreat from the field at Ligny the day before, helped to turn the tide of combat against the French. Napoleon established instead a German client state of France known as the Confederation of the Rhine which, inter alia, provided for the mediatization of over a hundred petty princes and counts and the absorption of their territories, as well as those of hundreds of imperial knights, by the Confederation's member-states. Guy, Monika Chavez, Thomas A. Lovik After a number of battles, notably Spicheren, Wrth, Mars la Tour, and Gravelotte, the Prussians defeated the main French armies and advanced on the primary city of Metz and the French capital of Paris. Moreover, the creation of the German Empire necessitated that various political and socio-economic interests either were suppressed or incorporated into the broader national structure. Chapter 19 AP Euro DRAFT. The king of Prussia as emperor and Bismarck as chancellor had complete authority over foreign affairs and the army. France's sphere included the Iberian Peninsula and a share of influence in the Italian states. 0. The remainder of the letter exhorts the Germans to unification: "This role of world leadership, left vacant as things are today, might well be occupied by the German nation. [81] In the day-long Battle of Kniggrtz, near the village of Sadov, Friedrich Carl and his troops arrived late, and in the wrong place. This new version of the course involves breadth of the knowledge you as students must possess on test day. [36] Historians of the German Empire later regarded the railways as the first indicator of a unified state; the patriotic novelist, Wilhelm Raabe, wrote: "The German empire was founded with the construction of the first railway"[37] Not everyone greeted the iron monster with enthusiasm. With France, Bismarck benefited from Emperor Napoleon III's failed campaign in Mexico, which distracted the French from European affairs. [107], Though often characterized as a federation of monarchs, the German Empire, strictly speaking, federated a group of 26 constituent entities with different forms of government, ranging from the main four constitutional monarchies to the three republican Hanseatic cities. Mann, Chapter 6, pp. The decrees were the subject of Johann Joseph von Grres's pamphlet Teutschland [archaic: Deutschland] und die Revolution (Germany and the Revolution) (1820), in which he concluded that it was both impossible and undesirable to repress the free utterance of public opinion by reactionary measures. Consequently, Prussian leaders expected to play a pivotal role in German politics. [33] As people moved around, they came into contact with others, on trains, at hotels, in restaurants, and for some, at fashionable resorts such as the spa in Baden-Baden. [93] He approached the Prussian king directly while Wilhelm was vacationing in Ems Spa, demanding that the King release a statement saying he would never support the installation of a Hohenzollern on the throne of Spain. When Italy and Germany were unified, they changed history. [38], The Bavarian Ludwig Railway, which was the first passenger or freight rail line in the German lands, connected Nuremberg and Frth in 1835. Every German has complete freedom of religion and conscience. [57], Unification under these conditions raised a basic diplomatic problem. Bismarck, a member of Prussia's Junker class, the conservative nobility who served the Prussian state as officers in the military or as governmental bureaucrats, was completely devoted to the Prussian crown, God, and German unification. The movement to unite Italy into one cultural and political entity was known as the Risorgimento (literally, "resurgence"). [18] Furthermore, implicit and sometimes explicit promises made during the German Campaign of 1813 engendered an expectation of popular sovereignty and widespread participation in the political process, promises that largely went unfulfilled once peace had been achieved. The Hambach rhetoric emphasized the overall peaceable nature of German nationalism: the point was not to build barricades, a very "French" form of nationalism, but to build emotional bridges between groups. Historians debate whether Otto von BismarckMinister President of Prussiahad a master plan to expand the North German Confederation of 1866 to include the remaining independent German states into a single entity or simply to expand the power of the Kingdom of Prussia. Despite calls for rational thought and action, Italy, Prussia, and Austria continued to rush toward armed conflict. Western Civilization, since 1300. Ap euro 21 - lecture notes; Ap euro 23 - lecture notes; Ap euro 24 - lecture notes; Ap euro 25 - lecture notes; Ap euro 26 - lecture notes . If a European state declared war on one of their members, then they all would come to the defense of the attacked state. Demonstrates the impact of German unification on the ethnically French region of Alsace. Gramont wrote a sharply formulated ultimatum to Wilhelm, as head of the Hohenzollern family, stating that if any Hohenzollern prince should accept the crown of Spain, the French government would respondalthough he left ambiguous the nature of such response. Through military victory, Prussia under Bismarck's influence had overcome Austria's active resistance to the idea of a unified Germany. . During the Revolution of 1848, liberals met in the Frankfurt Assembly and drafted a constitution modeled on the ideals of the French Revolution of 1789. Although they initially sought to restore central Imperial power, preserving a weak and fragmented Empire was convenient for France and Sweden, and therefore, their ensuing intervention led to the Peace of Westphalia which effectively thwarted for centuries any serious attempts to reinforce the imperial central authority and petrified fragmentation, resulting in the German-speaking territories comprising on the eve of the Napoleonic Wars still more than 300 political entities, most of them being parts of the Holy Roman Empire, though portions of the extensive Habsburg Monarchy (exclusively its large non-German-speaking territories: Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen and the Austrian partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) or of the Hohenzollern Kingdom of Prussia (both the German-speaking former Duchy of Prussia and the non-German-speaking entire territory of the Prussian partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) as well as the German-speaking Swiss cantons were outside of the Imperial borders. Cocks, Geoffrey and Konrad Hugo Jarausch. Victoria and Albert Museum, Dept. Rail travel changed how cities looked and how people traveled. [52] This new argument further challenges the norms of the British-centric model of development: studies of national development in Britain and other "normal" states (e.g., France or the United States) have suggested that even in these cases, the modern nation-state did not develop evenly. [110], The Sonderweg hypothesis attributed Germany's difficult 20th century to the weak political, legal, and economic basis of the new empire. The Catholic Center Party remained particularly well entrenched in the Catholic strongholds of Bavaria and southern Baden, and in urban areas that held high populations of displaced rural workers seeking jobs in the heavy industry, and sought to protect the rights not only of Catholics, but other minorities, including the Poles, and the French minorities in the Alsatian lands. This became known as the practice of Kleinstaaterei, or "small-statery". German politicians also targeted Jews as disloyal outsiders, although most of Germany's Jewish population voted for mainstream liberal or conservative politicians preferring assimilation into the political system rather than organizing into a separate political party. Catholics comprised almost 40 percent of unified Germany's population, with most of them concentrated along the Rhine River and in Bavaria. AP European Example (Document Based Question) This is intended as a guide to the correct construction of the essay and is not to be used as your essay. Many modern historians describe this myth, without subscribing to it: for example. Through the organization of imperial circles (Reichskreise), groups of states consolidated resources and promoted regional and organizational interests, including economic cooperation and military protection. Thus Wagner emphasizes that German identity is tied with geographical boundaries, in this case, the Rhine River. German and Italian unification was the fruit of the nationalism in 19th century. All the rest of us would eagerly and joyfully follow you." Hitler often called on the German public to sacrifice all for the cause of their great nation, but his regime did not create German nationalism: it merely capitalized on an intrinsic cultural value of German society that still remains prevalent even to this day. However, by the 19th century, transportation and communications improvements started to bring these regions closer together. cjones004. The German unification was also brought together by the Franco-Prussian war. One of the former Frankfurt Parliament members, Johann Gustav Droysen, summed up the problem: We cannot conceal the fact that the whole German question is a simple alternative between Prussia and Austria. For more on this idea, see, for example, Joseph R. Llobera, and Goldsmiths' College. [121] According to this story, Prussia played the dominant role in bringing the German states together as a nation-state; only Prussia could protect German liberties from being crushed by French or Russian influence. Bismarck resolved the crisis in favor of the war minister. The creation of this Borussian myth (Borussia is the Latin name for Prussia) established Prussia as Germany's savior; it was the destiny of all Germans to be united, this myth maintains, and it was Prussia's destiny to accomplish this. The next day, the Prussian delegate to the Frankfurt assembly presented a plan calling for a national constitution, a directly elected national Diet, and universal suffrage. Wagner personally oversaw the design and construction of the theater located in the small Bavarian village of Bayreuth, the Festspielhaus, which opened in 1870 and where the Ring Cycle operas were first performed. Brunswick joined the Zollverein Customs Union in 1842, while Hanover and Oldenburg finally joined in 1854[32] After the Austro-Prussian war of 1866, Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg were annexed by Prussia and thus annexed also to the Customs Union, while the two Mecklenburg states and the city states of Hamburg and Bremen joined late because they were reliant on international trade. Further complications emerged as a result of a shift in industrialization and manufacturing; as people sought jobs, they left their villages and small towns to work during the week in the cities, returning for a day and a half on weekends. [105] "Einheit unity was achieved at the expense of Freiheit freedom. All Germans are equal before the law. Public opinion also opposed Prussian domination. [118], By the years of unification, German Jews played an important role in the intellectual underpinnings of the German professional, intellectual, and social life. c. napoleon iii's army invaded prussia and overthrew king wilhelm i. d. austria annexed the northern german states of hesse . Played 22 times. The dramatic prelude to the war occurred largely in Frankfurt, where the two powers claimed to speak for all the German states in the parliament. First, the death without male heirs of Frederick VII of Denmark led to the Second War of Schleswig in 1864. Throughout the German states, city councils, liberal parliamentary members who favored a unified state, and chambers of commercewhich would see great benefits from unificationopposed any war between Prussia and Austria. The process symbolically concluded with the ceremonial proclamation of the German Empire i.e. The Ring Cycle operas, perhaps his greatest works, were composed and first staged in 1876, shortly after Germany unified. In 1807, Alexander von Humboldt argued that national character reflected geographic influence, linking landscape to people. These lands made up the territory of the Holy Roman Empire, which at times included more than 1,000 entities. [104] Although Bismarck had led the transformation of Germany from a loose confederation into a federal nation state, he had not done it alone.

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