Colloids can be classified according to different properties of the dispersed phase and medium. Muniswamy D V, Classification of Fabrics A New Approach, Vasana, Vol. Why a chemical become dye? Bacteria that retain the color of the dye are called Gram positive; bacteria that don't are Gram negative. Unlike most organic compounds, dyes possess colour because they 1) absorb light in the visible spectrum (400-700 nm), 2) have at least one chromophore (colour-bearing group), 3) have a conjugated system, i.e. Basic. The introduction of mauve in 1857 triggered the decline in the dominance of natural dyes in world markets. Dye, substance used to impart color to textiles, paper, leather, and other materials such that the coloring is not readily altered by washing, heat, light, or other factors to which the material is likely to be exposed. In this case, dyes bearing a positive (cationic) charge are used because . A. Dyes may be classified in several ways (e.g., according to the chemical constitution, application class, end-use). In Volume 4 of the Third Edition of the Colour Index™, published in 1971, it was pointed out that where dyes or pigments differ only in the metal or acid used for salt formation, a subdivision has been made by addition of a sixth figure . Triarylmethane Dyes 4. Structure and Classification of Viruses - Medical ... Acidic dyes A) work best in low pH environments. 1. Example: D) are lipid soluble. Preparation. The colored ion is called the chromophore. Differential Staining 3. Dyeing methods 15. Here the classification is given below :-. A] On the basis of chemical structure. CLASSIFICATION OF DYES Dyes can be classified as organic or inorganic natural or of . II. Reactive dyes have a halogen-containing reactive group present in their structure and become an integral part of the fiber structure by creating a covalent bond. Reactive dye, disperse dye, basic dye, vat dye, aniline dye, azo dye, pigment dye, azoic dye, synthatic dye, mordant dye, gel dye, sulphur dye, complex dye and more. On the basis or structure, dyes can be classified as: (i) Nitro and Nitroso Dyes: These are ancient known dyes. Indigo dyes 9. Taxonomic categories. How are dyes classified on the basis of their structure? All weft knitted fabric structures are classified into 4 basic groups according to the organization of loops inward their courses in addition to wales. Different materials have different chemical structure and different dyes had different chemical . Classification of an Organic Compound on the Basis of Functional Group:-A functional group can be defined as a process in which a molecule receives its characteristics chemical properties by one or group of atoms which exist in the molecule. Graham Clark W A, Clarks Weave Room Calculations 3 rd Edition, 1949. the synthesis of dye using a chromogen-chro-mophore with auxochrome. There are millions of organisms of different designs, shapes and sizes that exist in the living world, though all are made up of cells. Structure and Bacterial Metabolism from first year before coming to class for this lecture. a) Introduction to classification of dyes b ) Classification of dyes on the basis of application to fiber. Another classification of yarn can be obtained on the basis of structure and this classification is easier way to understand and define many types of textile yarns. Basic dyes B. Structural basis for promiscuous binding and activation of fluorogenic dyes by DIR2s RNA aptamer. One covers the fixed […] Abraham and John initially classified azoreductases on the basis of secondary and tertiary structures of azoreductase predicted from their amino acid sequences.Due to the low level of sequence homology, azoreductases were further classified on the basis of oxygen tolerance or cofactor requirement, predominantly their flavin and NADH-dependence (Bafana and Chakrabarti 2008). Solid medium has a physical structure and allows bacteria to grow in physically informative or useful ways (e.g. Basic. 9. Properties of Basic Dye 12. taking into account their chemical structures. The BLOLOG redox technology based on tetrazolium dye reduction as an indicator of sole-carbon-source utilization was evaluated as a rapid, community-level method to characterize and classify heterotrophic microbial communities. Classification of dyes on the basis of applications: (i) Direct Dyes: (Refer Fig.1) The fibres are soaked in a hot solution of dye and then dries after taking out. Properties. The Dyes are classified based on the fibers to which they can be applied and the chemical nature of each dye. 2. Synthesis 14. 6. Further, they possess large internal energy which renders . 6th ed.Vol 1: Federal Republic of Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 2003 to Present, p. A few Examples: (ii) Diphenyl Methane Dyes: These dyes have a basic structure of diphenylmethane. Before staining a sample, it must be fixed. Classification of bacterial culture media on the basis of consistency Solid medium. On the basis of chemical structure On the basis of sources Isoprenoid derivatives (carotenoids)Flavonoids (flavones, flavonols, and anthocyanins)Nitrogen-heterocyclic derivatives (betalains)Pyrrole derivatives (chlorophylls) Cationic dyes Attachment of the chromo-phore part of the dye complex to a cellular component represents the staining reaction. Anti-corrosive paints are used to resist corrosion. The small molecules which constitute the repeating units in a polymer are called Monomers. In this method of classification, dye molecules are grouped according to shared structural groups. This differential staining procedure separates most bacteria into two groups on the basis of cell wall composition; Basis of colour Natural dyes Mauveine Colour fastness Dye classification Azo Dyes Protein Textile Dyes Cellulose Textile Dyes Synthetic Textile Dyes Fibre-Reactive Dyes Ball H J, Engineering Design of Textile . Uses. 12. Gram staining is still the cornerstone of bacterial identification and taxonomic division. Color index numbers 07. Textile dyestuffs may be grouped into the following groups for better comprehension if general dye chemistry is used as one of the classification criteria as acid dyes, direct dyes, azoic dyes, disperse dyes, sulphur dyes, reactive dyes, basic dyes, oxidation dyes, mordant dyes (chrome dyes) and vat dyes [ 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 ]. Staining by Gram. The molecular formula for these compounds is CxHy. Here's the types: Nucleophilic substitution Nucleophilic addition Multiple addition-elimination reactions Fixation under acidic condition Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Other hand it can be defined as a substance which may be natural or synthetic use to change or add color to the textile materials. You can understand with the help of following figer. Synthetic dyes are classified on the basis of chemical structure or on the basis of methods of application to the material. These are a group of bacterial cell that are stained purple. However using general dye chemistry as the basis for classification, textile dyestuffs are grouped into 14 categories or classes: Group: Application: Direct. Types of Colloids. Different Types of Reactive Dyes: Various types of reactive dyes are used in dyeing industry. 04. Textile Education is the largest textile blog over the net. Staining Type # 1. The process of joining together of a large number of simple molecules by covalent bonds to form long chains of a macromolecule of high molecular mass is known as Polymerisation and the macromolecules so formed is known as Polymer (Poly- many; Mer- unit). General Feature of Reactive Dye Molecule: Dyes contain anionic functional group, structure of acid, direct or mordant dye with reactive that form covalent bond with fibre. The reactive dyes constitute the most commonly used class of dyes . The dye manufacturers and dye chemists prefer the former approach of classifying dyes according to chemical type. A stain is a dye consisting of a colored ion (a chromophore) and a counter ion to balance the charge. Dyes are complex unsaturated aromatic compounds fulfilling characteristics like intense color, solubility, Substantiveness, and fastness. (iii) Anthraquinone dye e.g., alizarin (iv) Indigo is the oldest known dye. The response to a given protocol can vary among samples. This is the type that is mostly used for dyeing cotton fabrics. Reactive dyes are so-called because this is the only type of dye . Dyeing process is accomplished by dissolving or dispersing the colorant in a suitable solution (usually water) and bringing this system into contact with the material to be dyed. Structure of a commercial acid and cationic (basic) dye NH 2 N NaO 3S OH N SO 3Na N N O 2N Acid Black 1 Cl O2NN NN CH2CH 2N(CH3)3 Cl CH2CH3 Basic Red 18 2.1.3 Dyes for cationic polymers Dyes for these substrates also form ionic bonds within the polymer matrix. 13).Two widely-used types of polysaccharides are obtained from red algae, the Rhodophyceae. Simple Staining: Colouration of microorganisms by applying single dye to a fixed smear is termed simple staining. in the use classification of dyes. Selecting a dye purely on the basis of its solution-phase properties has until now been a unreliable task. Medium Brand Reactive Dyes. E) are negatively charged and work best at low pH. i) Acid dyes ii) Basis of cationic dyes iii) Direct dyes iv) Mordant or adjective dyes v) Azoic dyes vi) Oxidation dyes vii) Ingrain dyes. According to a recommended classification scheme (3), this estimated Koc value suggests that methyl orange has moderate mobility in soil (SRC). Stains are salts composed of a positive ion (cation) and a negative ion (anion). 3. See . as colonies or in streaks). Classification of Dyes on the Basis of Constitution (i) Nitro or nitroso dye Chromophore NO 2 or NO group, Auxochrome = -OH group, e.g., picric acid, martius yellow, Gambine, naphthol yellow-S. (ii) Azo dye, e.g., bismark brown, methyl orange, methyl red, congo red, etc. Gram Staining 4. CLASSIFICATION OF DYES Dyes may be classified according to their chemical structure or by the method by which they are applied to the substrate. Mauve had a short commercial lifetime (lasting about seven . Necessary condition to be a dye? Reactive dye is a class of dye that makes a covalent bond with the fiber and becomes an integral part of the fiber. Therefore, the classification of dyes has become mandatory due to the increase in . Classification of Reactive Group Reactive dyes have reactive groups in their structure. Generic names of Basic dye 11. Knowing Gram positive or Gram negative helps prescribe appropriate antibiotic. Cotton, Cellulosic and Blends. Acid fuchsin, eosin, and picric acid are . Hot Brand Reactive Dyes. Reactive Dyes: Classification, Dyeing Mechanism, Application & Stripping. Associated colloids. Learn more about the properties, uses, and development of dyes in this article. Cyanine-type chromogens. This covalent bond is formed between the dye molecule and the terminal -OH (hydroxyl) group of cellulose fibres or the terminal -NH2 (amino) group of polyamide or wool fibres. Cohn divided the bacterial into four types based on their shapes in 1872. 11. The stain is named for H. C. J. Gram, a Danish physician who invented it in 1884. The dye users, however, prefer the latter approach Classification of dye 05. Binary nomenclature. Polymers. [Prediction of the toxicity of organic dyes used in the textile industry on the basis of chemical classification] According to the process of dying, dyes are classified into the following types: Acid. Now we must understand why we need to classify organic compounds on the basis of functional groups. Cold Brand Reactive Dyes. These identical structures, we understand as a unit made up of two or more molecules, join together to form a long chain. When they are applied to the dye bath, they form dispersion.They are free from ionized group.So they have low solubility in water& are suitable for dyeing hydrophobic . Anthraquinone serves as the basis for the production of a large number of acid and base dyes, vat dyes, disperse dyes, and reactive dyes. Acid Fast Staining 5. a structure with alternating double and single bonds, and 4) exhibit resonance of electrons, which is a stabilizing force in organic compounds (Abrahart, 1977). Classification Of Cells. Staining: Coloring microorganisms with a dye that emphasizes certain structures. • Red dye basic carbolfuchsin is the principal stain • Background is counterstained with It is very cheap and lasts longer. Differences in the structure and functions of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. 1. Dye 02. Q. the contrast between the cell and the background. Examples of this class of dyes are Direct, Acid, Basic, Reactive, Mordant, Metal complex, Vat, Sulphure , Disperse dye etc. Part 1 : Disperse Dye for Polyester | Why called disperse dye | Application and mechanism Part 3 : Auxilaries Of Disperse Dye Why called disperse dye. These dyes applied directly to fibre and are more useful to the fabrics containing H-bonding like cotton, rayon, wool, silk and nylon. This information will form the basis of postulating possible mechanism by which dye as a colouring material is adsorbed on some fabrics surfaces. 2. Fig. Microbiological Classification of Infectious Diseases • Bacteria are classified by their Gram stain characteristics. As a result, the detailed mechanism underlying many popular staining techniques is unclear. Applying of dyes on materials depends on the type of materials. DYEING 08. They have a different cell structure, but most of them come under two basic shapes like bacillus or cocci. It contains no chemical information; neither does it imply that dyes with similar names but unique numbers are in any way related. Here I have discussed 17 types of reactive dyes with properties, structures, influencing factors like, temperatures, solubility, and fixation process. Griffiths 1 has classified dyes on a purely theoretical basis based upon the electronic origins of color. B) are negatively charged. 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