Mahalia Jackson doesn't sing to fracture any cats, or to capture any Billboard polls, or because she wants her recording contract renewed. Jackson began calling herself a "fish and bread singer", working for herself and God. [129], Though Jackson was not the first gospel blues soloist to record, historian Robert Marovich identifies her success with "Move On Up a Little Higher" as the event that launched gospel music from a niche movement in Chicago churches to a genre that became commercially viable nationwide. [7][9][d], In a very cold December, Jackson arrived in Chicago. In 1946 she appeared at the Golden Gate Ballroom in Harlem. Mahalia was born with bowed legs and infections in both eyes. Eskridge, her lawyer, said that Miss Jackson owned real estate and assets worth $500,000 and had another $500,060 in cash bank deposits. Recent reports state that members of Jackson's estate are . [140] The first R&B and rock and roll singers employed the same devices that Jackson and her cohorts in gospel singing used, including ecstatic melisma, shouting, moaning, clapping, and stomping. [54][55][h], While attending the National Baptist Convention in 1956, Jackson met Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy, both ministers emerging as organizers protesting segregation. When Shore's studio musicians attempted to pinpoint the cause of Jackson's rousing sound, Shore admonished them with humor, saying, "Mildred's got a left hand, that's what your problem is. Mahalia was named after her aunt, who was known as Aunt Duke, popularly known as Mahalia Clark-Paul. Though the gospel blues style Jackson employed was common among soloists in black churches, to many white jazz fans it was novel. Sarcoidosis is not curable, though it can be treated, and following the surgery, Jackson's doctors were cautiously optimistic that with treatment she could carry on as normal. "[43] Those in the audience wrote about Jackson in several publications. Most of them were amazed at the length of time after the concert during which the sound of her voice remained active in the mind. The highlight of her trip was visiting the Holy Land, where she knelt and prayed at Calvary. Her first release on Apollo, "Wait 'til My Change Comes" backed with "I'm Going to Tell God All About it One of These Days" did not sell well. She appeared on a local television program, also titled The Mahalia Jackson Show, which again got a positive reception but was canceled for lack of sponsors. "[85] So caught up in the spirit was she while singing, she often wept, fell on her knees, bowed, skipped, danced, clapped spontaneously, patted her sides and stomach, and particularly in churches, roamed the aisles to sing directly to individuals. The show that took place in 1951 broke attendance records set by Goodman and Arturo Toscanini. 8396, 189.). After a shaky start, she gave multiple encores and received voluminous praise: Nora Holt, a music critic with the black newspaper The New York Amsterdam News, wrote that Jackson's rendition of "City Called Heaven" was filled with "suffering ecstasy" and that Jackson was a "genius unspoiled". "[119] During her tour of the Middle East, Jackson stood back in wonder while visiting Jericho, and road manager David Haber asked her if she truly thought trumpets brought down its walls. "[127] Anthony Heilbut explained, "By Chicago choir standards her chordings and tempos were old-fashioned, but they always induced a subtle rock exactly suited to Mahalia's swing. They had a stronger rhythm, accentuated with clapping and foot-tapping, which Jackson later said gave her "the bounce" that carried with her decades later. [g] What she was able to earn and save was done in spite of Hockenhull. He lifts my spirit and makes me feel a part of the land I live in. Gospel songs are the songs of hope. [1][2][3], The Clarks were devout Baptists attending nearby Plymouth Rock Baptist Church. Jackson's autobiography and an extensively detailed biography written by Laurraine Goreau place Jackson in Chicago in 1928 when she met and worked with, Dorsey helped create the first gospel choir and its characteristic sound in 1931. He lived elsewhere, never joining Charity as a parent. Jackson was enormously popular abroad; her version of Silent Night, for example, was one of the all-time best-selling records in Denmark. Jackson's recordings captured the attention of jazz fans in the U.S. and France, and she became the first gospel recording artist to tour Europe. [123], Always on the lookout for new material, Jackson received 25 to 30 compositions a month for her consideration. "[17] The minister was not alone in his apprehension. The New York Times stated she was a "massive, stately, even majestic woman, [who] possessed an awesome presence that was apparent in whatever milieu she chose to perform. Fave. When you sing gospel you have a feeling there's a cure for what's wrong. Mahalia Jackson was born on October 26, 1911 in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Her success brought about international interest in gospel music, initiating the "Golden Age of Gospel" making it possible for many soloists and vocal groups to tour and record. In her early days in Chicago, Jackson saved her money to buy records by classical singers Roland Hayes, Grace Moore, and Lawrence Tibbett, attributing her diction, breathing, and she said, "what little I know of technique" to these singers. Evelyn Cunningham of the Pittsburgh Courier attended a Jackson concert in 1954, writing that she expected to be embarrassed by Jackson, but "when she sang, she made me choke up and feel wondrously proud of my people and my heritage. In the 1950s and 60s she was active in the civil rights movement; in 1963 she sang the old African American spiritual I Been Buked and I Been Scorned for a crowd of more than 200,000 in Washington, D.C., just before civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech. Jackson told neither her husband or Aunt Hannah, who shared her house, of this session. All dates in Germany were sold out weeks in advance. [c] Duke hosted Charity and their five other sisters and children in her leaky three-room shotgun house on Water Street in New Orleans' Sixteenth Ward. 517 S Myrtle Ave. Miller, who was in attendance, was awed by it, noting "there wasn't a dry eye in the house when she got through". She moaned, hummed, and improvised extensively with rhythm and melody, often embellishing notes with a prodigious use of melisma, or singing several tones per syllable. When not on tour, she concentrated her efforts on building two philanthropies: the Mahalia Jackson Foundation which eventually paid tuition for 50 college students, and the culmination of a dream she had for ten years: a nondenominational temple for young people in Chicago to learn gospel music. She embarked on a tour of Europe in 1968, which she cut short for health reasons, but she returned in 1969 to adoring audiences. In 1971, Jackson made television appearances with Johnny Cash and Flip Wilson. Jackson had thoroughly enjoyed cooking since childhood, and took great pleasure in feeding all of her visitors, some of them staying days or weeks on her request. Aretha would later go . It was almost immediately successful and the center of gospel activity. Through her music, she promoted hope and celebrated resilience in the black American experience. [23] Gradually and by necessity, larger churches became more open to Jackson's singing style. Some places I go, up-tempo songs don't go, and other places, sad songs aren't right. Jackson asked Richard Daley, the mayor of Chicago, for help and Daley ordered police presence outside her house for a year. enlisted several women to help raise Aretha while he was away on the lucrative church revival circuit, including Jackson, who lived near the family's home in Detroit. I don't want to be told I can sing just so long. Jackson, who enjoyed music of all kinds, noticed, attributing the emotional punch of rock and roll to Pentecostal singing. These songs would be lined out: called out from the pulpit, with the congregation singing it back. After hearing that black children in Virginia were unable to attend school due to integration conflicts, she threw them an ice cream party from Chicago, singing to them over a telephone line attached to a public address system. He did not consider it artful. 180208. (Goreau, pp. [38] John Hammond, critic at the Daily Compass, praised Jackson's powerful voice which "she used with reckless abandon". [62][63], When King was arrested and sentenced to four months hard labor, presidential candidate John F. Kennedy intervened, earning Jackson's loyal support. Biography October 26, 1911 to January 27, 1972 As the "Queen of Gospel," Mahalia Jackson sang all over the world, performing with the same passion at the presidential inauguration of John F. Kennedy that she exhibited when she sang at fundraising events for the African American freedom struggle. [1][2][4] Next door to Duke's house was a small Pentecostal church that Jackson never attended but stood outside during services and listened raptly. Jackson refused to sing any but religious songs or indeed to sing at all in surroundings that she considered inappropriate. "[64][65] Her clout and loyalty to Kennedy earned her an invitation to sing "The Star-Spangled Banner" at his inaugural ball in 1961. 7, 11. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahalia-Jackson, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame - Biography of Mahalia Jackson, Mahalia Jackson - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Jackson, Mahalia - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum (1997). To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. After two aunts, Hannah and Alice, moved to Chicago, Jackson's family, concerned for her, urged Hannah to take her back there with her after a Thanksgiving visit. Completely self-taught, Jackson had a keen sense of instinct for music, her delivery marked by extensive improvisation with melody and rhythm. [14][15][16], This difference between the styles in Northern urban churches and the South was vividly illustrated when the Johnson Singers appeared at a church one evening and Jackson stood out to sing solo, scandalizing the pastor with her exuberant shouts. As demand for her rose, she traveled extensively, performing 200 dates a year for ten years. As her career advanced, she found it difficult to adjust to the time constraints in recording and television appearances, saying, "When I sing I don't go by the score. Jackson later remembered, "These people had no choir or no organ. He saw that auditions for The Swing Mikado, a jazz-flavored retelling of the Gilbert and Sullivan opera, were taking place. [98][4][99] The New Grove Gospel, Blues, and Jazz cites the Apollo songs "In the Upper Room", "Let the Power of the Holy Ghost Fall on Me", and "I'm Glad Salvation is Free" as prime examples of the "majesty" of Jackson's voice. She attended McDonough School 24, but was required to fill in for her various aunts if they were ill, so she rarely attended a full week of school; when she was 10, the family needed her more at home. "[111][k], In line with improvising music, Jackson did not like to prepare what she would sing before concerts, and would often change song preferences based on what she was feeling at the moment, saying, "There's something the public reaches into me for, and there seems to be something in each audience that I can feel. Gospel singer Evelyn Gaye recalled touring with her in 1938 when Jackson often sang "If You See My Savior Tell Him That You Saw Me", saying, "and the people, look like they were just awed by it, on a higher plane, gone. Falls played these so Jackson could "catch the message of the song". John Hammond, who helped secure Jackson's contract with Columbia, told her if she signed with them many of her black fans would not relate well to the music. Jackson enjoyed the music sung by the congregation more. When singing them she may descend to her knees, her combs scattering like so many cast-out demons. [42] During the same time, Jackson and blues guitarist John Lee Hooker were invited to a ten-day symposium hosted by jazz historian Marshall Stearns who gathered participants to discuss how to define jazz. They wrote and performed moral plays at Greater Salem with offerings going toward the church. "Move On Up a Little Higher" was recorded in two parts, one for each side of the 78 rpm record. In attendance was Art Freeman, a music scout for Apollo Records, a company catering to black artists and audiences concentrating mostly on jazz and blues. [27][33], Each engagement Jackson took was farther from Chicago in a nonstop string of performances. She was renowned for her powerful contralto voice, range, an enormous stage presence, and her ability to relate to her audiences, conveying and evoking intense emotion during performances. She was surrounded by music in New Orleans, more often blues pouring out of her neighbors' houses, although she was fascinated with second line funeral processions returning from cemeteries when the musicians played brisk jazz. Shouting and stomping were regular occurrences, unlike at her own church. Burford, Mark, "Mahalia Jackson Meets the Wise Men: Defining Jazz at the Music Inn". [150] She was featured on the album's vocal rendition of Ellington's composition "Come Sunday", which subsequently became a jazz standard. Douglas Ellimans office is located in Old Town Monrovia at the base of the San Gabriel Mountains. Between 1910 and 1970, hundreds of thousands of rural Southern blacks moved to Chicago, transforming a neighborhood in the South Side into Bronzeville, a black city within a city which was mostly self sufficient, prosperous, and teeming in the 1920s. [107][85], She roared like a Pentecostal preacher, she moaned and growled like the old Southern mothers, she hollered the gospel blues like a sanctified Bessie Smith and she cried into the Watts' hymns like she was back in a slave cabin. Price, Richard, "Mahalia Jackson Dies: Jackson: Praise for Her God". Jackson lent her support to King and other ministers in 1963 after their successful campaign to end segregation in Birmingham by holding a fundraising rally to pay for protestors' bail. As Jackson's singing was often considered jazz or blues with religious lyrics, she fielded questions about the nature of gospel blues and how she developed her singing style. It landed at the number two spot on the Billboard charts for two weeks, another first for gospel music. In January 1972, she received surgery to remove a bowel obstruction and died in recovery. Thomas A. Dorsey, a seasoned blues musician trying to transition to gospel music, trained Jackson for two months, persuading her to sing slower songs to maximize their emotional effect. (Marovich, p. He tried taking over managerial duties from agents and promoters despite being inept. "[103] Specifically, Little Richard, Mavis Staples of the Staple Singers, Donna Summer, Sam Cooke, Ray Charles, Della Reese, and Aretha Franklin have all named Jackson as an inspiration. [145] Her first national television appearance on Ed Sullivan's Toast of the Town in 1952 showed her singing authentic gospel blues, prompting a large parade in her honor in Dayton, Ohio, with 50,000 black attendees more than the integrated audience that showed up for a Harry Truman campaign stop around the same time. The U.S. State Department sponsored a visit to India, where she played Kolkata, New Delhi, Madras, and Mumbai, all of them sold out within two hours. Anyone can read what you share. She toured Europe again in 1961 with incredible success, mobbed in several cities and needing police escorts. She was previously married to Minters Sigmund Galloway and Isaac Lanes Grey Hockenhull. [92], Improvisation was a significant part of Jackson's live performances both in concert halls and churches. Falls found it necessary to watch Jackson's mannerisms and mouth instead of looking at the piano keys to keep up with her. "[97], Columbia Records, then the largest recording company in the U.S., presented Jackson as the "World's Greatest Gospel Singer" in the 28 albums they released. "[91] Other singers made their mark. The broadcast earned excellent reviews, and Jackson received congratulatory telegrams from across the nation. She was often so involved in singing she was mostly unaware how she moved her body. Members of these churches were, in Jackson's term, "society Negroes" who were well educated and eager to prove their successful assimilation into white American society. Burford 2019, p. 288, Burford 2020, p. 4345. [151] As she became more famous, spending time in concert halls, she continued to attend and perform in black churches, often for free, to connect with congregations and other gospel singers. According to jazz writer Raymond Horricks, instead of preaching to listeners Jackson spoke about her personal faith and spiritual experiences "immediately and directly making it difficult for them to turn away". "[115] White audiences also wept and responded emotionally. [87] Gospel historian Horace Boyer attributes Jackson's "aggressive style and rhythmic ascension" to the Pentecostal congregation she heard as a child, saying Jackson was "never a Baptist singer". In the final years of her life, Mahalia suffered many health problems. Berman told Freeman to release Jackson from any more recordings but Freeman asked for one more session to record the song Jackson sang as a warmup at the Golden Gate Ballroom concert. Nationwide recognition came for Jackson in 1947 with the release of "Move On Up a Little Higher", selling two million copies and hitting the number two spot on Billboard charts, both firsts for gospel music. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. At one point Hockenhull had been laid off and he and Jackson had less than a dollar between them. Both sets of Mahalia's grandparents were born into slavery, her paternal grandparents on a rice plantation and her maternal grandparents on a cotton plantation in Pointe Coupee Parish about 100 miles (160km) north of New Orleans. [105][106] When the themes of her songs were outwardly religious, some critics felt the delivery was at times less lively. She was nicknamed Halie and in 1927, Mahalia moved to Chicago, IL. Only a few weeks later, while driving home from a concert in St. Louis, she found herself unable to stop coughing. The gospel legend's soulful voice both comforted and galvanized African Americans during the Civil Rights . [37] Falls accompanied her in nearly every performance and recording thereafter. 122.) Though she and gospel blues were denigrated by members of the black upper class into the 1950s, for middle and lower class black Americans her life was a rags to riches story in which she remained relentlessly positive and unapologetically at ease with herself and her mannerisms in the company of white people. She began singing in church as a child in New Orleans, then moved to Chicago as an adolescent and joined Chicago's first gospel group, the Johnson Singers. "[125], Studs Terkel compared Falls to Paul Ulanowsky and Gerald Moore who played for classical singing stars Lotte Lehmann and Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, respectively. [70][71] Stories of her gifts and generosity spread. ", In live performances, Jackson was renowned for her physicality and the extraordinary emotional connections she held with her audiences. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. On tour, she counted heads and tickets to ensure she was being paid fairly. When at home, she attempted to remain approachable and maintain her characteristic sincerity. And the last two words would be a dozen syllables each. Ciba Commercial Real Estate. At 58 years old, she returned to New Orleans, finally allowed to stay as a guest in the upscale Royal Orleans hotel, receiving red carpet treatment. They performed as a quartet, the Johnson Singers, with Prince as the pianist: Chicago's first black gospel group. The guidance she received from Thomas Dorsey included altering her breathing, phrasing, and energy. The Acadmie Charles Cros awarded Jackson their Grand Prix du Disque for "I Can Put My Trust in Jesus"; Jackson was the first gospel singer to receive this award. Others wrote of her ability to give listeners goosebumps or make the hair on their neck tingle. [124] Once selections were made, Falls and Jackson memorized each composition though while touring with Jackson, Falls was required to improvise as Jackson never sang a song the same way twice, even from rehearsal to a performance hours or minutes later. With this, Jackson retired from political work and personal endorsements. The adult choir at Plymouth Rock sang traditional Protestant hymns, typically written by Isaac Watts and his contemporaries. Jackson was momentarily shocked before retorting, "This is the way we sing down South! Since the cancellation of her tour to Europe in 1952, Jackson experienced occasional bouts of fatigue and shortness of breath. "[112] She had an uncanny ability to elicit the same emotions from her audiences that she transmitted in her singing. Jackson was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the Early influence category in 1997. They argued over money; Galloway attempted to strike Jackson on two different occasions, the second one thwarted when Jackson ducked and he broke his hand hitting a piece of furniture behind her. [52] Jackson broke into films playing a missionary in St. Louis Blues (1958), and a funeral singer in Imitation of Life (1959). 3364, Burford 2020, pp. Already possessing a big voice at age 12, she joined the junior choir. Her records were sent to the UK, traded there among jazz fans, earning Jackson a cult following on both sides of the Atlantic, and she was invited to tour Europe. Her mother was Charity Clark while her father was Johnny Jackson. Now experiencing inflammation in her eyes and painful cramps in her legs and hands, she undertook successful tours of the Caribbean, still counting the house to ensure she was being paid fairly, and Liberia in West Africa. As many of them were suddenly unable to meet their mortgage notes, adapting their musical programs became a viable way to attract and keep new members. "[110] Jackson defended her idiosyncrasies, commenting, "How can you sing of amazing grace, how can you sing prayerfully of heaven and earth and all God's wonders without using your hands? This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. They divorced amicably. She died on 27 January 1972 in Chicago, Illinois, USA. She laid the stash in flat bills under a rug assuming he would never look there, then went to a weekend performance in Detroit. Mahalia Jackson is widely considered the best and most influential gospel vocalist in history. She began campaigning for him, saying, "I feel that I'm a part of this man's hopes. Berman set Jackson up for another recording session, where she sang "Even Me" (one million sold), and "Dig a Little Deeper" (just under one million sold). Despite Jackson's hectic schedule and the constant companions she had in her entourage of musicians, friends, and family, she expressed loneliness and began courting Galloway when she had free time. "Move On Up a Little Higher" was released in 1947, selling 50,000 copies in Chicago and 2 million nationwide. 132. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Whitman, Alden, "Mahalia Jackson, Gospel Singer And a Civil Rights Symbol, Dies", Ferris, William, and Hart, Mary L., eds. Instantly Jackson was in high demand. The United States Postal Service later commemorated her on a 32 postage stamp issued . Motivated by her experiences living and touring in the South and integrating a Chicago neighborhood, she participated in the civil rights movement, singing for fundraisers and at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963. She performed exceptionally well belying her personal woes and ongoing health problems. This movement caused white flight with whites moving to suburbs, leaving established white churches and synagogues with dwindling members. Dancing was only allowed in the church when one was moved by the spirit. Mahalia Jackson (/mheli/ m-HAY-lee-; born Mahala Jackson; October 26, 1911 January 27, 1972)[a] was an American gospel singer, widely considered one of the most influential vocalists of the 20th century. [46][47], In 1954, Jackson learned that Berman had been withholding royalties and had allowed her contract with Apollo to expire. Heilbut writes, "With the exception of Chuck Berry and Fats Domino, there is scarcely a pioneer rock and roll singer who didn't owe his stuff to the great gospel lead singers. Omissions? As Charity's sisters found employment as maids and cooks, they left Duke's, though Charity remained with her daughter, Mahalia's half-brother Peter, and Duke's son Fred. Eight of Jacksons records sold more than a million copies each. Though her early records at Columbia had a similar sound to her Apollo records, the music accompanying Jackson at Columbia later included orchestras, electric guitars, backup singers, and drums, the overall effect of which was more closely associated with light pop music. Jackson attracted the attention of the William Morris Agency, a firm that promoted her by booking her in large concert halls and television appearances with Arthur Godfrey, Dinah Shore, Bing Crosby, and Perry Como in the 1950s. [66][67] She appeared at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom to sing "I've Been 'Buked and I've Been Scorned" on King's request, then "How I Got Over". She was marketed to appeal to a wide audience of listeners who, despite all her accomplishments up to 1954, had never heard of her. She appeared at the 1956 Democratic National Convention, silencing a rowdy hall of attendees with "I See God". [61] Her continued television appearances with Steve Allen, Red Skelton, Milton Berle, and Jimmy Durante kept her in high demand. Mitch Miller offered her a $50,000-a-year (equivalent to $500,000 in 2021) four-year contract, and Jackson became the first gospel artist to sign with Columbia Records, a much larger company with the ability to promote her nationally. Jackson was brought up in a strict religious atmosphere. She bought a building as a landlord, then found the salon so successful she had to hire help to care for it when she traveled on weekends. Shouting and clapping were generally not allowed as they were viewed as undignified. 113123, 152158. By this time she was a personal friend of King and his wife Coretta, often hosting them when they visited Chicago, and spending Thanksgiving with their family in Atlanta. As her schedule became fuller and more demands placed on her, these episodes became more frequent. [95] Her four singles for Decca and seventy-one for Apollo are widely acclaimed by scholars as defining gospel blues. [135] Raymond Horricks writes, "People who hold different religious beliefs to her own, and even people who have no religious beliefs whatsoever, are impressed by and give their immediate attention to her singing. Dorsey proposed a series of performances to promote his music and her voice and she agreed. If they're Christians, how in the world can they object to me singing hymns? Jackson often sang to support worthy causes for no charge, such as raising money to buy a church an organ, robes for choirs, or sponsoring missionaries. "[89] Writer Ralph Ellison noted how she blended precise diction with a thick New Orleans accent, describing the effect as "almost of the academy one instant, and of the broadest cotton field dialect the next". I make it 'til that passion is passed. Dorsey accompanied Jackson on piano, often writing songs specifically for her. Moriah Baptist Church. Months later, she helped raise $50,000 for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. "[53] Jackson began to gain weight. She did not invest in the Mahalia Jackson Chicken System, Inc., although she received $105,000 in royalties from the company, in which black businessmen held controlling interest, Mr. Eskridge said. Burford 2020, pp. She had become the only professional gospel singer in Chicago. "[78][79] While touring Europe months later, Jackson became ill in Germany and flew home to Chicago where she was hospitalized. In New Delhi, she had an unexpected audience with Prime Minister Indira Gandhi who declared, "I will never hear a greater voice; I will never know a greater person. He recruited Jackson to stand on Chicago street corners with him and sing his songs, hoping to sell them for ten cents a page. She was a vocal and loyal supporter of Martin Luther King Jr. and a personal friend of his family. Impressed with his attention and manners, Jackson married him after a year-long courtship. The bulk of the estate was left to a number of relatives - many of whom cared for Mahalia during her early years. The first instance Jackson was released without penalty, but the second time she was ordered to pay the court taking place in the back of a hardware store $1,000 (equivalent to $10,000 in 2021). She was marketed similarly to jazz musicians, but her music at Columbia ultimately defied categorization. Remember Me: The Mahalia Jackson Story (Official Trailer) on Hulu Ledisi 220K subscribers 113K views 9 months ago Watch Now on Hulu https://www.hulu.com/movie/d7e7fe02-f. Show more Ledisi -. "Rusty Old Halo" became her first Columbia single, and DownBeat declared Jackson "the greatest spiritual singer now alive". Jackson was accompanied by her pianist Mildred Falls, together performing 21 songs with question and answer sessions from the audience, mostly filled with writers and intellectuals.

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