Herbert L. and Patricia Allen Dreyfus). Especially crucial are Aristotle, Immanuel Kant and Kant's immediate successors, most prominently Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling. as a mystic and hermetic thinker. Part of his remit was to teach a class called "Introduction to Knowledge of the Universal Coherence of the Sciences", Hegel developed the idea of an encyclopedia of the philosophical sciences, falling into three parts: logic, philosophy of nature and philosophy of spirit. Terry Pinkard situates Hegel firmly in the historical context of his times. Nevertheless, this interpretation survives in a number of scholarly works. Hegel was the last of the great system builders of Western philosophy and the greatest and most extravagant representative of the school of absolute idealism. The second essay was an answer to the question of how Christianity had ever become the authoritarian religion that it was, if in fact the teaching of Jesus was not authoritarian but rationalistic. ); 1984; "[T]he task that touches the interest of philosophy most nearly at the present moment: to put God back at the peak of philosophy, absolutely prior to all else as the one and only ground of everything." Born on 27 August 1770 in Stuttgart, Württemberg, Germany, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a philosopher, author, and a key component among classical German philosophers. He is considered one of the fundamental figures of modern Western philosophy, with his influence extending to the entire range of contemporary philosophical issues, from aesthetics to ontology to politics, both in the analytic and continental tradition. It profoundly impacted many future philosophical schools, including those opposed to Hegel's specific dialectical idealism, such as existentialism, the historical materialism of Marx, historism and British Idealism. [59]:192, In March 1807, Hegel moved to Bamberg, where Niethammer had declined and passed on to Hegel an offer to become editor of a newspaper, the Bamberger Zeitung [de]. For the next three years he lived in Berne, with time on his hands and the run of a good library, where he read Edward Gibbon on the fall of the Roman Empire and De l’esprit des loix (1750; The Spirit of Laws), by Charles Louis, baron de Montesquieu, as well as the Greek and Roman classics. [75]:207–208, In 1819–1827, he made two trips to Weimar, where he met Goethe, and to Brussels, the Northern Netherlands, Leipzig, Vienna, Prague, and Paris.[76]. (deutschsprachig). Bradley, spurred the development of existentialism beginning with Søren Kierkegaard, and was adapted in part in the dialectical materialism of Karl Marx. [105] Pure being and pure non-being or nothingness are, for Hegel, abstractions from the reality of becoming and this is also how he interprets Heraclitus. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Né le : 27/08/1770 Décédé le : 14/11/1831. Whatever the nous thinks at any time is actual substance and is identical to limited being, but more remains in the substrate of non-being, which is identical to pure or unlimited thought. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (/ˈheɪɡəl/;[27][28] German: [ˈɡeːɔʁk ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈheːɡl̩];[28][29] 27 August 1770 – 14 November 1831) was a German philosopher and the most important figure in German idealism. From the time of Leibniz to the widespread adoption of Frege's logic in the 1930s, every standard work on logic consisted of three divisions: doctrines of concept, judgment, and inference. This view, sometimes referred to as the "non-metaphysical option", has influenced many major English-language studies of Hegel. [147], Isaiah Berlin listed Hegel as one of the six architects of modern authoritarianism who undermined liberal democracy, along with Rousseau, Claude Adrien Helvétius, Fichte, Saint-Simon and Joseph de Maistre. The direct and indirect influence of Kojève's lectures and writings (on The Phenomenology of Spirit in particular) mean that it is not possible to understand most French philosophers from Jean-Paul Sartre to Jacques Derrida without understanding Hegel. Kant imported Plato's high esteem of individual sovereignty into his considerations of moral and noumenal freedom as well as of God. Hegel's influence was immense in philosophy and other sciences. Doctrines of concept address the systematic, hierarchical relations of the most general classes of things. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (Stuttgart, actual Alemania, 1770 - Berlín, 1831) Filósofo alemán. [84] Others, such as Hans-Georg Gadamer, believe that Hegel's course in the Logic is determined primarily by the associations of ordinary words in the German language. On the left, it became the foundation for Karl Marx's civil society as an economic base;[101] to the right, it became a description for all non-state (and the state is the peak of the objective spirit) aspects of society, including culture, society and politics. Though his fellow students called him “the old man,” he liked cheerful company and a “sacrifice to Bacchus” and enjoyed the company of women as well. G.W.F. Kant had maintained that, whereas orthodoxy requires a faith in historical facts and in doctrines that reason alone cannot justify and imposes on the faithful a moral system of arbitrary commands alleged to be revealed, Jesus, on the contrary, had originally taught a rational morality, which was reconcilable with the teaching of Kant’s ethical works, and a religion that, unlike Judaism, was adapted to the reason of all people. Son père Georg Ludwig Hegel (1733-1799) est fonctionnaire à la Cour des comptes du duc Charles II de Wurtemberg. Each is avowedly influenced by the late Wilfred Sellars, also of Pittsburgh, who referred to his Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind (1956) as a series of "incipient Méditations Hegeliennes" (in homage to Edmund Husserl's 1931 Méditations cartésiennes). ), The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism, The Difference Between Fichte's and Schelling's Systems of Philosophy, Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel bibliography, Enzyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften, Vorlesungen über de Geschichte der Philosophie, "Adam Smith's Influence on Hegel's Philosophical Writings", Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, "Duden | He-gel | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition", "Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der Philosophie", "MDZ-Reader – Band – Von den Beweisen für die Unsterblichkeit der menschlichen Seele im Lichte der spekulativen Philosophie / Göschel, Carl Friedrich", "Hegel and Clausewitz: Convergence on Method, Divergence on Ethics", On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, « Der Instinkt der Vernünftigkeit » and other texts, Hegel, as the National Philosopher of Germany (1874), "The Life of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel", Scans of all (original, German) books from Hegel (all editions) between 1807 and 1850 as PDFs at hegel.net, Works by or about Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Relationship between religion and science, Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel&oldid=995579405, People educated at Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium, Articles with Latin-language sources (la), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016, Articles needing additional references from August 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Francke, Kuno, Howard, William Guild, Schiller, Friedrich, 1913–1914, This page was last edited on 21 December 2020, at 20:41. He also studied the critical philosopher Immanuel Kant and was stimulated by his essay on religion to write certain papers that became noteworthy only when, more than a century later, they were published as a part of Hegels theologische Jugendschriften (1907; Early Theological Writings). Principal of the University of St. Andrews, Scotland, 1953–66. The physicians pronounced the cause of death as cholera, but it is likely he died from another gastrointestinal disease. Hegel died in 1831. However, Hegel himself describes the system as a "circle of circles:", ...the science presents itself as a circle that winds around itself, where the mediation winds the end back to the beginning which is the simple ground; the circle is thus a circle of circles, for each single member ensouled by the method is reflected into itself so that, in returning to the beginning it is at the same time the beginning of a new member.[92]. Sa sœur Christiane enseignera plus tard le français à Stuttgart et sera internée dans un asile psychiatrique. In October, 1788 Hegel began studies at a theological seminary in Tübingen, the Tüberger Stift, where he became friends with the poet Hölderlin and philosopher Friedrich Schellin… While in Nuremberg, Hegel adapted his recently published Phenomenology of Spirit for use in the classroom. Achat Hegel - Biographie à prix bas sur Rakuten. His philosophy of spirit conceptually integrates psychology, the state, history, art, religion and philosophy. Museum Tusculanum Press. 2008. While Aristotle criticized Plato's "Forms", he preserved Plato's ontological implications for self-determination: ethical reasoning, the soul's pinnacle in the hierarchy of nature, the order of the cosmos and reasoned arguments for a prime mover. This mind comprehends all of these phases and sub-parts as steps in its own process of comprehension. Some historians have found its key in the operation of natural laws of various kinds. He lectured on "Logic and Metaphysics" and gave lectures with Schelling on an "Introduction to the Idea and Limits of True Philosophy" and facilitated a "philosophical disputorium". Hegel, at this time, envisaged his future as that of a Popularphilosoph, (a "man of letters") who serves to make the abstruse ideas of philosophers accessible to a wider public; his own felt need to engage critically with the central ideas of Kantianism did not come until 1800. Hegel's mother, Maria Magdalena Louisa (née Fromm), was the daughter of a lawyer at the High Court of Justice at the Württemberg court. Kant spoke of Entstehen (coming-to-be) and Vergehen (ceasing-to-be), the same two terms that Hegel used to refer to the two compositional elements of Werden (becoming). Hegel secured a position at the University of Jena as a Privatdozent (unsalaried lecturer) after submitting the inaugural dissertation De Orbitis Planetarum, in which he briefly criticized arguments that assert—based on Bode's Law or other arbitrary choice of mathematical series—there must exist a planet between Mars and Jupiter. Hegel was born on 27 August 1770 in Stuttgart, capital of the Duchy of Württemberg in southwestern Germany. This liberal distinction between political society and civil society was used by Alexis de Tocqueville. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Karen Ng writes that "there is a central, recurring rhetorical device that Hegel returns to again and again throughout his philosophical system: that of describing the activity of reason and thought in terms of the dynamic activity and development of organic life. La jeunesse de Hegel de 1770 – 1801 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel est né le 27 août 1770 à Stuttgart dans une famille protestante. Omissions? Two prominent American philosophers, John McDowell and Robert Brandom (sometimes referred to as the "Pittsburgh Hegelians"), have produced philosophical works with a marked Hegelian influence. Comme l’a fait remarquer Terry Pinkard dans sa biographie de Hegel : “Aussi rebelle qu’il fût contre les voies du Séminaire de Hegel, il est devenu est resté l’homme travailleur et sérieux qu’il a toujours été ; ses amis à la le Séminaire le surnommait”le vieil homme" (…). Hegel's remaining two sons—Karl, who became a historian; and Immanuel [de], who followed a theological path—lived long and safeguarded their father's manuscripts and letters, and produced editions of his works. In other words, although the thing-in-itself is at any given moment thoroughly unknown, it nevertheless remains that part of the thing about which it is possible to learn more.[90]:101–102. Hegel and his father also caught the disease, but they narrowly survived. Scholars such as Clark Butler hold that a good portion of the Logic is formalizable, proceeding deductively via indirect proof. [120], Hegel continued to develop his thoughts on religion both in terms of how it was to be given a 'wissenschaftlich', or "theoretically rigorous," account in the context of his own "system," and how a fully modern religion could be understood.[121]. The structure of Hegel's Logic appears to exhibit self-similarity, with sub-sections, in their treatment of more specific subject matter, resembling the treatment of the whole. Although the violence of the 1793 Reign of Terror dampened Hegel's hopes, he continued to identify with the moderate Girondin faction and never lost his commitment to the principles of 1789, which he expressed by drinking a toast to the storming of the Bastille every fourteenth of July.[64]. During this period, he composed the text which has become known as the Life of Jesus and a book-length manuscript titled "The Positivity of the Christian Religion". Author's preface to "On The Fourfold Root of the Principle of sufficient reason. Son oeuvre, postérieure à celle de Kant, est l'une des plus représentatives de l'idéalisme allemand et a eu une influence décisive sur l'ensemble de la philosophie contemporaine. [104] One to which he attributes great significance is the fragment he translates as "Being is not more than Non-being", which he interprets to mean the following: Sein und Nichts sei dasselbeBeing and non-being are the same. Hegel's thinking can be understood as a constructive development within the broad tradition that includes Plato and Immanuel Kant. From 1788 to 1793 he studied classics, philosophy, and theology at the University of Tübingen, earning an M.A. An individual's "supreme duty is to be a member of the state" (Elements of the Philosophy of Right, section 258). Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. His philosophy inspired late 19th-century idealists such F.H. Soon after, his illegitimate son Ludwig Fischer (now ten years old) joined the Hegel household in April 1817, having spent time in an orphanage[59]:354–55 after the death of his mother Christiana Burkhardt.[59]:356. Kaufmann and Shlomo Avineri have criticized Popper's theories about Hegel. Hölderlin, his contemporary, and the nature philosopher Schelling, five years his junior. Some of Hegel's writing was intended for those with advanced knowledge of philosophy, although his Encyclopedia was intended as a textbook in a university course. Auteurs écrivains 18ème siècle, Biographie, Citations Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. In his discussion of "Spirit" in his Encyclopedia, Hegel praises Aristotle's On the Soul as "by far the most admirable, perhaps even the sole, work of philosophical value on this topic". The State involves three "moments". His studies at the Gymnasium concluded with his Abiturrede ("graduation speech") "Der verkümmerte Zustand der Künste und Wissenschaften unter den Türken" ("The abortive state of art and scholarship in Turkey").[59]:16[61]. Hegel preserved this essential Platonic and Kantian concern in the form of infinity going beyond the finite (a process that Hegel in fact related to "freedom" and the "ought"),[95]:133–136, 138 the universal going beyond the particular (in the Concept) and Spirit going beyond Nature. [37] Paul Tillich wrote that the historical dialectical thought of Hegel "has influenced world history more profoundly than any other structural analysis. [135] American neoconservative political theorist Francis Fukuyama's controversial book The End of History and the Last Man (1992) was heavily influenced by Kojève. This first major biography of Hegel in English offers not only a complete, up-to-date account of the life, but also an overview of the key philosophical concepts in Hegel's work in an accessible style. The Left Hegelians, also known as the Young Hegelians, interpreted Hegel in a revolutionary sense, leading to an advocation of atheism in religion and liberal democracy in politics. Le système est présenté comme une « phénoménologie de l'esprit » puis comme une « encyclopédie de… God rises again to life, and thus things are reversed". Johan Ludvig Heiberg: Philosopher, Littérateur, Dramaturge, and Political Thinker. [63] They watched the unfolding of the French Revolution with shared enthusiasm. It was written in Hegel's hand, but may have been authored by Hegel, Schelling, Hölderlin, or an unknown fourth person.[67]. His fame spread and his lectures attracted students from all over Germany and beyond. Voici une biographie détaillée de Hegel (1770 – 1831). Hegel's contemporary Schopenhauer was particularly critical and wrote of Hegel's philosophy as "a pseudo-philosophy paralyzing all mental powers, stifling all real thinking". Hegel further attests that God (as Jesus) not only died, but "[...] rather, a reversal takes place: God, that is to say, maintains himself in the process, and the latter is only the death of death. the subjective side of knowledge and will, with its life, movement, and activity" (thesis and antithesis), he did not use "synthesis", but instead spoke of the "Whole": "We then recognised the State as the moral Whole and the Reality of Freedom, and consequently as the objective unity of these two elements". Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, (born August 27, 1770, Stuttgart, Württemberg [Germany]—died November 14, 1831, Berlin), German philosopher who developed a dialectical scheme that emphasized the progress of history and of ideas from thesis to antithesis and thence to a synthesis. "[81], So how are the categories derived? This eternity of Spirit in itself means that Spirit is, to begin with, potential; but the next standpoint implies that Spirit ought to be what it is in its essential and complete nature, in-and-for-itself. According to Hegel, "Heraclitus is the one who first declared the nature of the infinite and first grasped nature as in itself infinite, that is, its essence as process. Hegel wrote that, ...profounder insight into the antinomial, or more truly into the dialectical nature of reason demonstrates any Concept [Begriff] whatsoever to be a unity of opposed elements [Momente] to which, therefore, the form of antinomial assertions could be given.[82]. Some historians have spoken of Hegel's influence as represented by two opposing camps. His chief friends during that period were a pantheistic poet, J.C.F. She died of bilious fever (Gallenfieber) when Hegel was thirteen. There, Hölderlin exerted an important influence on Hegel's thought. [citation needed]. The rational, self-conscious whole is not a thing or being that lies outside of other existing things or minds. As a graduate of a Protestant seminary, Hegel's theological concerns were reflected in many of his writings and lectures. His father, Georg Ludwig, was Rentkammersekretär (secretary to the revenue office) at the court of Karl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg. Son jeune frère … T. R. Vickroy and Susan E. Blow—who were both minor associates of the St. Louis Hegelians—independently of each other translated various chapters from Göschel's book into English, and had their translations published in. They both know their obligations and choose to fulfill them. Philosophe idéaliste allemand (1770-1831) auteur de la Phénoménologie de l'esprit, qui fut l'un des penseurs les plus influents du XIXe siècle. In 1805, the university promoted Hegel to the position of Extraordinary Professor (unsalaried) after he wrote a letter to the poet and minister of culture Johann Wolfgang Goethe protesting the promotion of his philosophical adversary Jakob Friedrich Fries ahead of him. [132] Believing that the traditional description of Hegel's philosophy in terms of thesis–antithesis–synthesis was mistaken, a few scholars like Raya Dunayevskaya have attempted to discard the triadic approach. According to Benedetto Croce, the Italian Fascist Giovanni Gentile "holds the honor of having been the most rigorous neo-Hegelian in the entire history of Western philosophy and the dishonor of having been the official philosopher of Fascism in Italy". He studied in Stuttgart, and after graduating from the gymnasium there he began to study philosophy and theology in the seminary in Tübingen. In 1788 Hegel went as a student to Tübingen with a view to taking orders, as his parents wished. Nicht mit der Welt, sondern mit der Freiheit bringt Klaus Vieweg Hegel schon im Titel seiner Biographie zusammen. W. Marx, Hegels Phänomenologie des Geistes. To the contrary, the fundamental notion of Hegel's dialectic is that things or ideas have internal contradictions. The infinitude of spirit is its inwardness, in an abstract sense its pure inwardness, and this is its thought, and this abstract thought is a real present infinitude, while its concrete inwardness consists in the fact that this thought is Spirit. Late 20th-century literature in Western Theology that is friendly to Hegel includes works by such writers as Walter Kaufmann (1966), Dale M. Schlitt (1984), Theodore Geraets (1985), Philip M. Merklinger (1991), Stephen Rocker (1995) and Cyril O'Regan (1995). [69][70] Later in the year, Hegel's first book The Difference Between Fichte's and Schelling's Systems of Philosophy was completed. "On Hegel—A Study in Sorcery", in J. T. Fraser, F. Haber & G. Muller (eds. The universe as becoming is a combination of being and non-being. Martin Heidegger (trans. Regarded from the standpoint of division or disunion, its potential Being is for it an Other, and it itself is natural will; it is divided within itself, and this division is so far its feeling or consciousness of a contradiction, and there is thus given along with it the necessity for the abolition of the contradiction. [99] In this work, civil society (Hegel used the term "bürgerliche Gesellschaft" though it is now referred to as Zivilgesellschaft in German to emphasize a more inclusive community) was a stage in the dialectical relationship between Hegel's perceived opposites, the macro-community of the state and the micro-community of the family. Hegel asserted that, in Heraclitus, he had an antecedent for his logic: "[...] there is no proposition of Heraclitus which I have not adopted in my logic".[103].

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