- The Hunanese gentry, based on their experience with the Taiping, were more guarded against the influence of Westerners than other provinces. The Taiping Rebellion has been treated in historical novels. Among the imperial forces was the elite Ever Victorious Army, consisting of Chinese soldiers led by a Western officer corps (see Frederick Townsend Ward and Charles Gordon) and supplied by European arms companies like Willoughbe & Ponsonby. In addition to the article content, the full-image newspapers offer searchable access to advertisements, editorials, cartoons, and classified ads. The following Library of Congress subheadings usually are added to indicate that the material is a primary source: sources, personal narratives, correspondence, recovered from the destruction of the Taiping era. Its goals were religious, nationalist, and political in nature; Hong sought the conversion of the Han people to the Taiping's syncretic version of Christianity, to overthrow the Qing dynasty, and a state transformation. Both print and microfilm are located on the lower level of the library (see map). In Hunan, a local irregular army called the Xiang Army or Hunan Army, under the personal leadership of Zeng Guofan, became the main armed force fighting for the Qing against the Taiping. 1861 to 1861, - He later became the second and last leader of the short-lived Republic of Formosa (5 June21 October 1895). China--History--Taiping Rebellion, 1850-1864--sources frank suarez net worth; taiping rebellion primary sources. 2 and 3, The land on which Shazhou, Jiangyin County, Jiangsu Province (present-day Zhangjiagang) is located was formed by alluvial deposits of the Yangtze River over a period of thousands of years. [73] According to historian Prescott Clarke, Westerners in China became separated into two different groups in regards to their views on the rebellion, with one side depicting the rebels as mere robbers whose intention was to gather wealth through revolting against the Qing, and the other side depicting the rebel army as religious fanatics provoked by skillful leaders to fight against the Qing to the death. Instead, they referred to the tumultuous civil war as a period of chaos (), rebellion () or military ascendancy (). The Europeans decided to stay officially neutral, though European military advisors served with the Qing army. [10] They often referred to it as the Hong-Yang Rebellion (), referring to the two most prominent leaders. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. p. 40, Pelissier, Roger. In the beginning of the rebellion, the large numbers of women serving in the Taiping army also distinguished it from other 19th-century armies. A scholar or group of scholars may have spent years or even decades collecting and faithfully transcribing primary sources, and then preparing careful annotations and writing introductory essays to the collection. Though the destruction of idols was initially welcomed by foreign missionaries, missionaries eventually came to fear the zealotry of the Taiping that they had a hand in creating. Instead, it erupted as a result of intersectional fighting between Muslim factions and Han Chinese. The Yiwang was a student of good family and was well up in both civil and military matters. [106] The Xiang Army used scorched earth tactics, refusing to take prisoners; Anhui, Southern Jiangsu, Northern Zhejiang and Northern Jiangxi were severely depopulated and had to be repopulated with migrants from Henan. Ying Jie Gui Zhen. Often these revolts were movements that gave people hope for a different Southern? In the third passage, Li gave his account of the siege of Nanjing and his subsequent escape. For this reason, the Chinese Deng, Kent G. (2011) "China's Political Economy in Modern Times: Changes and Economic Consequences, 18002000". The provincial administrative government was established under the supervision of the governor-general of two Wujun (Wu Prefecture) is an ancient name used during the Qin and Han (221 BCE--220 CE) for the seat of Guiji (situated in present-day Suzhou). [17] Banditry became common, and numerous secret societies and self-defense units formed, all of which led to an increase in small-scale warfare. Power was, to a limited extent, decentralized, and ethnic Han Chinese officials were more widely employed in high positions than they had previously been. The Taiping Rebellion and its self-proclaimed messiah threatened the Qing dynasty's hold on China as the nation battled Europe in the Opium Wars. [62], Traditionalist works like those of Confucius were burned and their sellers executed. When he recovered, he believed that he The rebellion led to the loss of 17 million lives in the Lower Yangzi, Primary ancient writings that described ideal systems that had never been tried to widen their popular support and forge alliances with European powers, but failed on both counts. It focuses on the history of the cultural and trading relationships that emerged between America, China and the Pacific region between the early 18th and 20th centuries. The younger Hong was inexperienced and powerless, so the kingdom was quickly destroyed when Nanjing fell in July 1864 to the imperial armies after protracted street-by-street fighting. In 1851, Hong Xiuquan proclaimed his own dynasty, the Taiping tianguo, which meant "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace." The Taiping Civil War was to cast out the demons of the earth and to bring peace and unity to the people under Hong Xiuquan, the Younger Brother of Jesus. From its beginning in 1850 until 1864, when it ended, the civil strife caused the death of at least 20 million people. The Taiping army's main strategy of conquest was to take major cities, consolidate their hold on the cities, then march out into the surrounding countryside to recruit local farmers and battle government forces. The Causes of the Taiping Rebellion. He bypassed the professional regular armies and recruited from local villages, paying and drilling them well. It focuses on Chinese history generally and Sino-Western contacts over the last two centuries more specifically. Xin kan chong ding chu xiang fu shi biao zhu pei du xiang shan huan dai Jiang ning bu zheng si shu fu ting zhou xian yu di quan tu. [118] According to Clarke, this refusal of cooperation and Taiping's occupation of Ningbo in December led to the limited intervention against the rebellion by the British and French in the following years. Their movement is known in English as the Taiping movement (taiping meaning great peace in Chinese). [68], The other Muslim rebellion, the Dungan revolt, was the reverse: it was not aiming to overthrow the Qing dynasty because its leader Ma Hualong had accepted an imperial title. [78] Just before his execution, Taiping Loyal King Li Xiucheng advised the Qing to buy, and to learn how to replicate, the best foreign cannon and gun carriages to prepare for war with foreign powers. Taiping leaders may have reached out to Triad organizations, which had many cells in South China and among government troops. He married the young sister of the Tianwang and was hence all-important to the cause. [114] Upon visiting the capital, some members of the expedition wrote that "devastation marked our journey" in reference to the conditions in Taiping territories. The Tianwang was unwilling to retire from the city and nothing could be done I therefore represented to the Tianwang the state of affairs and advised him to allow the people to leave the city, but this he would not consent to do, and rebuked me with, Dare you, without considering the nations dignity, let any of my brothers and sisters out of the city? The rebels were courageous under fire, erected defensive works quickly, and used mobile pontoon bridges. They also aided imperial troops in reconquering Taiping strongholds along the Yangtze River. [51] Some of his followers escaped or were released and continued the fight against the Qing. [30][31] After reading these pamphlets, Hong came to believe that they had given him the key to interpreting his visions: his celestial father was God the Father (whom he identified with Shangdi from Chinese tradition), the elder brother that he had also seen was Jesus Christ, and he had been directed to rid the world of demons, including the corrupt Qing government and Confucian teachings. J. Chappell (2018). Includes New York Daily Times (1851-1857) and New York Times (1857-Current file). outcast, he and his recruits gradually built up an army and political Combine the information on rebellions with foreign encroachment. You are not wanted to say anything. The Tianwang rested implicit faith in idle words and would not rectify or improve the state. The armies of the rebels were defeated, and the Heavenly Kingdom collapsed. For more than a decade, Taiping armies occupied and fought across much of the mid and lower Yangtze valley, ultimately devolving into total civil war. Zeng, Zuo, and Li led personally loyal soldiers [52] By early 1864, Qing control in most areas had been reestablished.[53]. He was not waging his rebellion against Han Chinese, instead, he was anti-Qing and he wanted to destroy the Qing government. The peasants, having suffered floods and famines in the late 1840s, were ripe for rebellion, which came under the leadership of Hong Xiuquan. But after Tianguifu's capture on October 25, 1864, Taiping resistance was gradually pushed into the highlands of Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian and finally Guangdong, where one of the last Taiping loyalists, Wang Haiyang, was defeated on January 29, 1866. [62] After the defeat of the Li Yonghe and Lan Chaoding rebellion in Sichuan, remnants combined with Taiping forces in Shaanxi. The Tianwang, after he had entered Nanjing, and established his reigning title reposed solely in heaven and was very scrupulous as to putting confidence in man The destitute and starving males and females were constantly clinging round me to relieve them, and praying me to succour them a request which I had not the means to meet. Northern? Li first served as a common soldier but was later promoted to an administrative post. China and by the late 1850s controlled over a third of the country. Furthermore, both made use of foreign ideologies which required translation into Chinese with inevitable modifications in the process.[110]. In the province of Hunan one Qing loyalist who observed the genocidal massacres which the Taiping forces committed against the Manchus wrote that the "pitiful Manchus", the Manchu men, women and children were executed by the Taiping forces. By 1865, five of the eight viceroys were Hunanese. In the summer of 1862, a Western observer noted that rebel factories in Nanjing were producing superior guns including heavy cannon than the Qing. The Qing Dynasty made extensive use of Western support in the closing stages of the rebellion, relying heavily on Western war materiel and even the direct His theology, anti-Qing sentiments, and a deep pool of the socially discontented would lead to the Taiping Rebellion, a devastating blow to Qing power and the deadliest war of the 19th century. This caused the Tianwang much anxiety and trouble of mind, and eventually so preyed upon him that on the 30th June he poisoned himself. On January 11, 1851, Hong declared himself the Heavenly King of the Heavenly Kingdom of Peace (or Taiping Heavenly Kingdom), from which comes the term "Taipings" commonly used for them in English language studies. WebThe Tsungli Zamen The Tsungli Zamen was effectively China's first foreign affairs ministry when it was created in 1861. [93][94] These policies of mass murder of civilians occurred elsewhere in China, including Anhui,[95][96] and Nanjing. [73] The Taiping government proved especially welcoming to Western missionaries. lasted for some 14 years (185064), ravaged 17 provinces, took an estimated 20 million The Taiping government maintained an ambivalent relationship with the Western powers who were active in China during this period. WebIn order to highlight the influence of the rebellion, I will be comparing the roles of women in the Taiping Rebellion to those of women in the Qing Dynasty before the rebellion. were no different. [10] In the 19th century, Western observers, depending on their ideology, referred to the Taiping as the "revolutionaries", "insurgents" or "rebels". The work proclaims the revolutionary thought of the Taipings. China, who in 1847 failed the imperial examinations for the third time As for the actual practice of Christianity in the city, McCartee said "I saw no signs of anything resembling Christianity in or near Nanking". There were still several hundred thousand Taiping troops continuing the fight, with more than a quarter-million fighting in the border regions of Jiangxi and Fujian alone. before, the Taipings could promise their followers a totally new The Warlords is a 2007 historical film set in the 1860s showing Gen. Pang Qinyun, leader of the Shan Regiment, as responsible for the capture of Suzhou and Nanjing. On July 19, 1864, after a months-long siege, the city of, It all started in the 1840s, when the God Worshippers, a group of insurgents led by. As their name ("guest households") suggests, the Hakka were generally treated as migrant newcomers, and often subjected to hostility and derision from the local majority Han populations. After Shis defection, Li Xiucheng became one of the most important and successful generals of the Taiping army (see Charles Anthony Curwen:Taiping rebel: The deposition of Li Hsiu-cheng, 1977, pp. Other ideas were Western in origin. WebThe primary sources noted above are drawn from Franz Michaels The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1971), vols. Qing forces were reorganised under the command of Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang, and the Qing reconquest began in earnest. -The Indian Rebellion ended with almost complete British control over India. Since the rebellion began in Guangxi, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender. Zeng Guofan patiently edited Lis confession. and his band of believers had been chosen to conquer China, destroy the [108], Merchants in Shanxi and the Huizhou region of Anhui became less prominent because the rebellion disrupted trade in much of the country. After the failure of the Red Turban Rebellion (18541856) to capture Guangzhou, their soldiers retreated north into Jiangxi and joined forces with Shi Dakai. The imperial troops looted, murdered, raped, and enslaved the civilians who had survived the siege, regardless of age and gender. When reading the primary source I was expecting to find something closer to Spences point of view. To him I gave my war-horse (pony) as he was without one, and rode myself a weak and useless animal. Although Karl Marx wrote several articles about the Taipings, he did not perceive a social program or agenda for change, only violence and destruction. The 14-year civil war combined with other internal and external wars weakened the dynasty but provided incentive for an initially successful period of reform and self-strengthening. Li Xiucheng, the captured Taiping general, was Zengs most precious booty of war. [81], A particularly famous imperial force was Zeng Guofan's Xiang Army. Suzhou and Hangzhou had left us, and the capital was so closely beleaguered that it was impossible for it to hold out long. Rebels of the Heavenly Kingdom by Katherine Paterson is a young adult novel set during the Taiping Rebellion. Some Taiping veterans joined the Revive China Society,[103] whose Christian members organized short-lived Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Mingshun in 1903. [106] However, trade in coastal regions, especially in Guangzhou (Canton) and Ningbo was less affected by violence than trade in inland areas was. [free web] Includes critical perspectives on the ending of more than 2,000 years of imperial rule in China, the Taiping Rebellion, the Opium Wars with Great Britain, the Boxer Rebellion and the events leading up to the 1911 Xinhai Revolution, and the subsequent founding of the Republic of China. (1861) Ying Jie Gui Zhen. demon Manchu rulers, and establish the Taiping Tianguo the Heavenly [57]) This resulted in the protracted series of conflicts being misnamed the Haw wars. Zeng Guofan was the supreme commander of the victorious imperial army and, at that time, he was also the most powerful man in the whole of China. Taiping wars also spilled over into Vietnam with devastating effects. In December 1856 Qing forces retook Wuchang for the final time. I took refuge in a ruined temple on the Huang hill, but the people at the foot of the hill knowing that Nanjing had fallen, and there was sure to be some one lurking there, were bent upon making gain and eventually sealed my fate. They were then engaged in combat against the incompetent forces of King Rama V (r. 18681910) until 1890, when the last of the groups eventually disbanded. WebThe Taiping Rebellion, also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a massive civil war that waged in China between the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Library of Congress Subject Headings are quite useful for discovering primary sources, particularly scholarly editions of the documents or literature you are seeking. abstinence from opium, tobacco and alcohol, calendar reform, literary [Nanjing: Ganwang Dian, to] [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2021666321/. A small selection of material is listed below, for additional sources, please contact archives@pugetsound.edu. The Ever-Victorious Army repulsed another attack on Shanghai in 1862 and helped to defend other treaty ports such as Ningbo, reclaimed on May 10. [Nanjing: Ganwang Dian, to, 1861] Pdf. Investigating Rebellion By - March 14, 2023. I was at that time in a great dilemma and really at a loss how to proceed, and was obliged to discard attention to all save the Young King. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. Ho Ping-ti. The Taiping Rebellion was a civil war fought in China between the Taiping rebels and the Qing Dynasty, beginning in 1851 and lasting until 1864. He came under the influence of Christian Li gave a detailed deposition, about 50,000 words long; one of the most important accounts of the Taiping Rebellion. If you want to support our website, you might be interested in taking a look at our translations of Chinese literature on Amazon. The other significant ethnic group in the Taiping army was the Zhuang, an indigenous people of Tai origin and China's largest non-Han ethnic minority group. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. [46][47], In 1853, Hong Xiuquan withdrew from active control of policies and administration to rule exclusively by written proclamations. and was delirious for 30 days. Webtaiping rebellion primary sourcestaiping rebellion primary sourcestaiping rebellion primary sources An attempt to take Shanghai in August 1860 was repulsed by an army of Qing troops supported by European officers under the command of Frederick Townsend Ward. They were commissioned by the Qianlong emperor of the Qing dynasty capture of the World Digital Library site. Description based on data extracted from World Digital Library, which may be extracted from partner institutions. Throughout history, China was plagued by internal revolts and rebellions. We rode straight to my mothers house in order that I might first bid adieu to its tenant and my other relations. London: Ernest Benn, 1962. p. 167. His doctrine was that a man serving Shangdi would be free from all calamity or misfortune, whilst snakes and tigers would devour all disbelievers. The scholar Jian Youwen is among those who refer to the rebellion as the "Taiping Revolutionary Movement" on the grounds that it worked towards a complete change in the political and social system, rather than working towards the replacement of one dynasty with another. If you can find scholarly editions, use them! During the Dungan revolt, various groups fought against each other without any coherent goal. On July 22, Li Xiucheng(; pinyin: L Xichng), the most famous and talented of the generals of the Heavenly Kingdom, was captured by imperial forces while he was trying to escape. Although the fall of Nanjing in 1864 marked the destruction of the Taiping regime, the fight was not yet over. [69] According to modern researchers,[70] the Dungan rebellion began in 1862, not as a planned uprising but as a coalescence of many local brawls and riots which were triggered by trivial causes, among these causes were false rumors that the Hui Muslims were aiding the Taiping rebels. Franz H. Michael, wrote that these armies evolved into armies used by local warlords who dominated China after the fall of the Qing dynasty. The topic of this paper is more directly dealt with in two sources, John Witherss The Heavenly Capital: Nanjing Under the General Zeng had excavated mines in such numbers of places from the East to the South gates, that it was impossible to guard every one of them. was the rebellion brutally put down. China -- History -- Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976 -- Sources. History 344: Resistance, Rebellion & Revolution in China, 1800-present, China--History--Taiping Rebellion, 1850-1864--sources. Led by Hong, the God- worshippers in rural Guangxi rose in rebellion in 1856 in hopes of creating a new Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace (Taiping Tianguo). Their movement is known in English as the Taiping movement (taiping meaning great peace in Chinese). The Nanwang was of literary turn of mind and possessed of very good ability. Content in Chinese. Led by Hong Xiuquan, the self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ, the 0. [32][33][31] In 1847 Hong went to Guangzhou, where he studied the Bible with Issachar Jacox Roberts, an American Baptist missionary. Instead, they argue that the conflict should be called a "civil war". [5][6] Rather than supplanting the ruling class, the Taipings sought to upend the moral and social order of China. The Taiping Rebellion began in the southern province of Guangxi when local officials launched a campaign of religious persecution against the God Worshipping Society. 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