Theodore John Kaczynski (born 1942), also known as the Unabomber, is a U.S. environmentalist activist, wizard, prisoncel, and former mathematics professor.He is the author of Industrial Society and its Future, a neo-luddite manifesto that warns about the dangers of the centralization of power in the hands of a looming technocracy.. As a child, he was considered intellectually gifted, with him . "[89], Because of the material used to make the mail bombs, U.S. postal inspectors, who initially had responsibility for the case, labeled the suspect the "Junkyard Bomber". The experiment Ted Kaczynski participated in at Harvard involved psychological torment and humiliation. Joy stated Kaczynski "is clearly a Luddite, but simply saying this does not dismiss his argument". He recommended Bisceglie's client contact the FBI immediately. [38][39], After resigning from Berkeley, Kaczynski moved to his parents' home in Lombard, Illinois. Also in 1979, another bomb was discovered in the cargo hold of an American Airlines flight from Chicago to Washington, D.C., which failed to explode but released smoke that prompted an emergency landing. Kaczynski later described this as a pivotal event: previously he had socialized with his peers and was even a leader, but after skipping ahead of them he felt he did not fit in with the older children, who bullied him. One of the many journal entries provided a chilling glimpse into his mind. [10] In 1952, three years after David was born, the family moved to suburban Evergreen Park, Illinois; Ted transferred to Evergreen Park Central Junior High School. that their little "Teddy" was gifted with an extremely high IQ. [47][55][56] He sent one bomb embedded in a copy of Sloan Wilson's novel Ice Brothers. Per the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Ted Kaczynski is an infamous figure that mailed bombs to universities and airlines over a span of 17 years. "[85], Alston Chase, a fellow alumnus of Harvard University wrote in 2000 for The Atlantic that "It is true that many believed Kaczynski was insane because they needed to believe it. But I must succeed, must get revenge. Anyone can read what you share. Theodore J. Kaczynski was a very promising young undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate student in the 1960s. Humane way to eiiminate somebody. Location of birth. [158], United States Attorney General Merrick Garland cited working on the Unabomber case as among the most important cases he worked on.[160]. [47][a], Kaczynski's first mail bomb was directed at Buckley Crist, a professor of materials engineering at Northwestern University. [7][69][70] There was controversy as to whether the essay should be published, but Attorney General Janet Reno and FBI Director Louis Freeh recommended its publication out of concern for public safety and in the hope that a reader could identify the author. y rd A Ama AN 14 ard - Fall +6 " E Ber Un nn Pr ema a de wt Gal 1 Te 0 / : May 3 7 Se e e warm da ia! [45], Between 1978 and 1995, Kaczynski mailed or hand-delivered a series of increasingly sophisticated bombs that cumulatively killed three people and injured 23 others. [21] The experiment lasted three years, with someone verbally abusing and humiliating Kaczynski each week. Eventually, David Kaczynski took these personal letters to authorities, and linguistic experts made a positive match. "Unabomber" redirects here. Also Percy Wood, the president of United Airlines, who was wounded but survived one of the bombings in 1980. Kaczynski goes on to say that a revolution will be possible only when industrial society is sufficiently unstable. [110] Kaczynski's lawyers, headed by Montana federal public defenders Michael Donahoe and Judy Clarke, attempted to enter an insanity defense to avoid the death penalty, but Kaczynski rejected this strategy. I have no way of knowing whether my action will do more good than harm. Kaczynski wanted to learn to be self-sufficient and live off the land in the barest, most natural conditions possible. . Dec. 11, 1985 I planted bomb disguised to look like scrap of lumber behind Rentech Computer Store in Sacramento. This geographical information and the wording in excerpts from the manifesto that were released before the entire text of the manifesto was published persuaded David's wife to urge him to read it. "[9], During his first year at Harvard, Kaczynski lived at 8 Prescott Street, which was designed to accommodate the youngest, most precocious incoming students in a small, intimate living space. [83] Kaczynski adds that the type of movement he envisions must be anti-leftist and refrain from collaboration with leftists, as, in his view, "leftism is in the long run inconsistent with wild nature, with human freedom and with the elimination of modern technology". Trveling expenses for raids such as the foregoing are very hard on my slender financial resources. The victim survived, and for the first time gave the FBI a clue that had remained a mystery for the first nine years of the investigation a description of the shadowy suspect, which led to a composite sketch that has since become the most indelible relic to emerge out of the case. [87] The identity of most correspondents will remain sealed until 2049. 1 seed in ACC, edges Pitt 78-76 for title, Atlantas Carter Center preps for future without founder, Photography club captures hope during pandemic, March food and drink events to check out in metro Atlanta. [17] Kaczynski earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics from Harvard in 1962, finishing with a GPA of 3.12. . At one point in 1993 investigators sought an individual whose first name was "Nathan" because the name was imprinted on the envelope of a letter sent to the media. [82], A significant portion of the document is dedicated to discussing left-wing politics, with Kaczynski attributing many of society's issues to leftists. Clues included metal plates stamped with the initials "FC" hidden somewhere (usually in the pipe end cap) in bombs, a note left in a bomb that did not detonate reading "WuIt works! [14], Starting in 1975, Kaczynski performed acts of sabotage including arson and booby trapping against developments near to his cabin. [54], Kaczynski left false clues in most bombs, which he intentionally made hard to find to make them appear more legitimate. . . Postal Inspection Service was formed. Theodore Kaczynski (born May 22nd 1942), widely known as The Unabomber, was also considered a suspect in the Zodiac killings due to his interest in ciphers and his penchant for engaging with authorities, media outlets and victims of his crimes in the form of letters and manifestos. Six months after that, a bomb injured a psychology professor and research assistant at the University of Michigan. [93] The UNABOMB Task Force set up a toll-free telephone hotline to take calls related to the investigation, with a $1million reward for anyone who could provide information leading to the Unabomber's capture. Thomas Mosser, an advertising executive, was killed in an explosion at his home in North Caldwell, New Jersey in 1994. [6] The FBI used the case identifier UNABOM (University and Airline Bomber) before his identity was known, resulting in the media naming him the "Unabomber". The manifesto contends that the Industrial Revolution began a harmful process of natural destruction brought about by technology, while forcing humans to adapt to machinery . [60], In late 1985, a nail-and-splinter-loaded bomb placed in the parking lot of his store in Sacramento, California, killed 38-year-old computer store owner Hugh Scrutton. He used an old bicycle to get to town, and a volunteer at the local library said he visited frequently to read classic works in their original languages. [47], FBI agents arrested an unkempt Kaczynski at his cabin on April 3, 1996. . In February 2021, the average home price was over $116,000. life imprisonment without the possibility of parole, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, University of Michigan's Special Collections Library, "Boundary Functions for Functions Defined in a Disk", "On a Boundary Property of Continuous Functions", "Boundary Functions for Bounded Harmonic Functions", Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, "Boundary Functions and Sets of Curvilinear Convergence for Continuous Functions", "The Set of Curvilinear Convergence of a Continuous Function Defined in the Interior of a Cube", Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, "Video: Unabomber captured in 1996 after 17 years on the run", "FBI Profile: Suspect is educated and isolated", "Excerpts From Letter by 'Terrorist Group', FC, Which Says It Sent Bombs", "Prisoner of Rage A special report. Judge Garland Ellis Burrell Jr. denied his request, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upheld that decision. [146] Prior to the 1996 United States presidential election, a campaign called "Unabomber for President" was launched with the goal of electing Kaczynski as president through write-in votes. But no indication that she was permanently disabled. Geneticist Phillip Sharp at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology received a threatening letter shortly afterwards. After years of reclusive silence, he began mailing his political writings to newspapers, including a 35,000-word manifesto called Industrial Society and Its Future, which was published in The Washington Post and The New York Times. It ignited the powder. [126][130] Early in his imprisonment, Kaczynski befriended Ramzi Yousef and Timothy McVeigh, the perpetrators of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, respectively. But it would take federal authorities eight more years to learn the Unabombers true identity. Theodore Ted Kaczynski, a Harvard-educated mathematician, was tracked down to a remote cabin in the woods of Lincoln, Montana, where he was finally taken into custody on April 3, 1996 25 years ago. The FBI scrambled to finish the search warrant and have it issued by a federal judge in Montana; afterwards, the FBI conducted an internal leak investigation, but the source of the leak was never identified. In all, collectors paid more than $200,000 for 58 items seized during the raid of Kaczynskis remote Montana cabin in 1996, with all proceeds going to victims and their families. Theodore Kaczynski, the man accused of being the Unabomber, kept a diary in his Montana cabin that detailed 16 bombings attributed to the terrorist, according to assistant U.S. attorney Robert. [6][107] A 2000 report by the United States Commission on the Advancement of Federal Law Enforcement stated that the task force had spent over $50million throughout the course of the investigation. Two years later came the bombing in Utah where the Unabomber was first sighted and the composite sketch made. Description. picked it up. A second bomb, concealed inside a cigar box, was sent nearly one year later to Northwestern University but caused only minor injuries to a graduate student. The bomb, concealed inside a cigar box and left on a table, caused minor injuries to graduate student John Harris when he opened it. It was also later discovered that Kaczynski wore gloves and even vacuumed the compartments of the bombs, which allowed for no traces of DNA, hairs or fibers. [60] In November 1985, professor James V. McConnell and research assistant Nicklaus Suino were both severely injured after Suino opened a mail bomb addressed to McConnell. "[30] Professor Allen Shields wrote about Kaczynski in a grade evaluation that he was the "best man I have seen. [50] Kaczynski had returned to Chicago for the May 1978 bombing and stayed there for a time to work with his father and brother at a foam rubber factory. His bombs grew more sophisticated through the years and impressed authorities. He had a drive to discover mathematical truth." Michigan offered him an annual grant of $2,310 (equivalent to $20,693 in 2021) and a teaching post. Kaczynski's father was diagnosed with terminal lung cancer in 1990 and held a family meeting without Kaczynski later that year to map out their future. Damn. [61] A bomb sent to the Boeing Company in Auburn, Washington, was defused by a bomb squad the following month. Kaczynski later told investigators that he wanted to kill Mosser due to his work to repair the public image of Exxon after the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. aside from cost of materials for bomb. Briefs: 11Alives news director goes to Gray; Honey Boo Boos boyfriend arrested; Marlon Woman accused of killing ill husband released from jail, Bulldogs drop 5th game in a row as regular season closes, China expands defense budget 7.2%, marking slight increase, 20 cars of Norfolk Southern cargo train derail in Ohio, Miami takes No. [60] Kaczynski handcrafted the bomb from wooden parts. This false, tho my design may have been poor due to ignorance of the technology. '"[21], In an interview after his arrest, Kaczynski recalled being shocked on a hike to one of his favorite wild spots:[44]. The essays were given to an anonymous individual who would confront and belittle the subject in what Murray himself called "vehement, sweeping, and personally abusive" attacks, using the content of the essays as ammunition. Unabomber Manifesto. Kaczynski spent 200 hours as part of the study. [95], A federal grand jury indicted Kaczynski in June 1996 on ten counts of illegally transporting, mailing, and using bombs. The final bombing came in April 1995, when Gilbert Brent Murray, a timber industry lobbyist, was killed by a mail bomb addressed to previous president William Dennison, who had retired. Marshals Service opened an online auction for several of the items seized in the Unabomber case. His work although pertaining to vary narrow topics was undoubtedly, technically, first rate. Additionally, Kaczynski's whereabouts could not be verified for all of the killings. The idiosyncrasies in spelling, capitalization and abbreviation are Mr. Kaczynski's. He often included bits of a tree branch and bark in his bombs; his selected targets included Percy Wood and Professor Leroy Wood. Rather flattering. I know for certain there was nothing 'loose' in the explosive unit itself, cause the ends of the pipe were stopped with pooddn plugs fastened with epoxy and for each plug two nails passing thru plug and both sides of pipe. He holds a bachelor's degree in journalism from The University of Florida and has been a journalist for more than 25 years. Kaczynski's lawyers later attributed his hostility towards mind control techniques to his participation in Murray's study. [9] His teaching evaluations suggest he was not well-liked by his students: he seemed uncomfortable teaching, taught straight from the textbook and refused to answer questions. He searched through old family papers and found letters dating to the 1970s that Ted had sent to newspapers to protest the abuses of technology using phrasing similar to that in the manifesto. [8] The two were Polish Americans who were raised as Catholics but later became atheists. When UK crypto blogger Nick Pelling reported about the Unabomber cipher journal in 2013 . [b] Kaczynski was spotted while planting the Salt Lake City bomb. [77] Kaczynski states that technological progress can be stopped, in contrast to the viewpoint of people who he says understand technology's negative effects yet passively accept technology as inevitable. I do not expect to accomplish anything by it. Through the years, 16 bombs exploded, one after another, frustrating federal authorities who remained clueless to the mans identity and whereabouts. It's kind of rolling country, not flat, and when you get to the edge of it you find these ravines that cut very steeply in to cliff-like drop-offs and there was even a waterfall there. Technological Slavery: The Collected Writings of Theodore J. Kaczynski . He also would use red herrings, such as scribbling irrelevant letters and initials on bomb parts. [154] Various radical movements and extremists have been influenced by Kaczynski. He pleaded guilty to all charges in 1998 and was sentenced to eight consecutive life terms in prison without the possibility of parole. [109], The early hunt for the Unabomber portrayed a perpetrator far different from the eventual suspect. [50] Nearly three years later, in May 1985, John Hauser, a graduate student and captain in the United States Air Force, lost four fingers and the vision in one eye. In this rival profile, the suspect was characterized as a blue-collar airplane mechanic. He probably never felt a thing. It was not a pipe bomb but was set off by a home made detonating cap. More than six years would pass before the bomber struck again. [65], In 1994, Burson-Marsteller executive Thomas J. Mosser was killed after opening a mail bomb sent to his home in New Jersey. The descent of Kaczynski, a brilliant . 13: 1965: Sanayi toplumu ve gelecei. Wood received cuts and burns over most of his body. "[75][76] He writes that technology has had a destabilizing effect on society, has made life unfulfilling, and has caused widespread psychological suffering. Excellent. Being a gifted mathematician trained at Harvard and Berkeley, Kaczynski renounced a promising scientific career and moved to a cabin in Montana, in 1971. . On April 3, 1996, dozens of FBI agents descended on Ted Kaczynskis remote Montana cabin, where they found a live bomb and a wealth of bomb components as well as the original manifesto manuscript, plus 40,000 handwritten journal pages that included bomb-making experiments and descriptions of Unabomber crimes.. With arm and chest cuts. https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/29/us/excerpts-from-unabomber-s-journal.html. A few of them are lists of instructions and rules that all incarcerated people in Stanvillethe women's correctional facility where the novel's protagonist, Romy Leslie Hall, has been sent to serve two . Revenge. ", "Kaczynski Indicted in 4 Unabomber Attacks", "Kaczynski Tries Unsuccessfully to Dismiss His Lawyers", "Kaczynski Can't Drop Lawyers Or Block a Mental Illness Defense", "Unabomber's Psychiatric Profile Reveals Gender Identity Struggle", "Terrorism, Resentment and the Unabomber", "Doctor Says Kaczynski Is Competent For Trial", "The Unabomber: A Chronology (The Trial)", "Unabomber's journal, other items to be put up for auction online", "The Fighting Style: Reading the Unabomber's Strunk and White", "Unabomber Wages Legal Battle to Halt the Sale of Papers", "Photo Gallery: Weird Government 'Unabomber' Auction Winds Down", "Theodore John Kaczynski Register Number: 04475-046", "The Unabomber's not-so-lonely prison life", "NU rejects Unabomber's offer of rare African books", "Letters to the Unabomber: A Case Study and Some Reflections", "Letters from a serial killer: Inside the Unabomber archive", "Ted Kaczynski, the Unabomber, lists himself in Harvard 1962 alumni report; says 'awards' include eight life sentences", "FBI Probes Unabomber Connection to Tylenol Murders", "Unabomber's cabin remains on display in DC", "Ted Kaczynski, the 79-year-old Unabomber, transferred to prison medical facility", "Popular Culture Sets Sights on Unabomber", "Flashback: Unabomber Publishes His 'Manifesto', "Unabomber's writings raise uneasy ethical questions for Stanford scholar", "Anders Breivik admits massacre but pleads not guilty claiming it was self defence", "Norway shooting: Anders Behring Breivik plagiarised 'Unabomber', "Inside the Unabomber's odd and furious online revival", "Eco-fascism is undergoing a revival in the fetid culture of the extreme right", "How the Oklahoma City bombing case prepared Merrick Garland to take on domestic terrorism", Anarchist Library writings of Theodore Kaczynski, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ted_Kaczynski&oldid=1142633491, American people imprisoned on charges of terrorism, American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment, People convicted of murder by the United States federal government, People from Lewis and Clark County, Montana, Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the United States federal government, University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty, University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 10 counts of transportation, mailing, and use of bombs; three counts of, Severe cuts and burns over most of body and face, Severe burns and shrapnel wounds to hand and face, Loss of four fingers and severed artery in right arm; partial loss of vision in left eye, Severe damage to both eardrums with partial hearing loss, loss of three fingers, Severe burns and shrapnel wounds, damage to right eye, loss of use of right hand, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 14:42. Theodore "Ted" Kaczynski, 79, was moved to the U.S. Bureau of Prison's FMC Butner medical center in eastern North Carolina on Dec. 14, according to bureau spokesperson Donald Murphy. Nine years later, the sighting of the bombing suspect in Utah seemed to be a crucial turning point in the investigation as the sketch was distributed across the country and emblazoned on the cover of magazines. [89] People inspired by Kaczynski's ideas show up in unexpected places, from nihilist, anarchist and eco-extremist movements to conservative intellectuals. Officer Terry Marker opened the package, which exploded and caused minor injuries. Theodore John Kaczynski was responsible for a seventeen year-long bombing spree in the US until his arrest in 1996, killing three people and injuring twenty-three others. The detonator did all I designed it to do. David Kaczynski and Wright have remained friends and occasionally speak together publicly about their relationship. September 12, 1998. . . But the truly disturbing aspect of Kaczynski and his ideas is not that they are so foreign but that they are so familiar." Title. The "Unabomber," as Kaczynski is known, was the "perfect,. Perhaps some people will deny that I am motivated by a hatred for what is happening to freedom. Kaczynski was visited multiple times in Montana by his father, who was impressed by Ted's wilderness skills. And I felt humiliated, and I violently hated the psychiatrist. Items considered to be bomb-making materials, such as diagrams and "recipes" for bombs, were excluded. [1] [2] Um prodgio da matemtica, [3] ele abandonou a carreira acadmica em 1969 para buscar um estilo de vida primitivo. Kaczynski replied Penthouse was less "respectable" than The New York Times and The Washington Post, and said that, "to increase our chances of getting our stuff published in some 'respectable' periodical", he would "reserve the right to plant one (and only one) bomb intended to kill, after our manuscript has been published" if Penthouse published the document instead of The Times or The Post. Convicted Unabomber Theodore J. Kaczynski considered having a sex change operation when he was in his twenties and his confusion over his gender identity filled him with a rage . [88], According to a 2021 study, Kaczynski's manifesto "is a synthesis of ideas from three well-known academics: French philosopher Jacques Ellul, British zoologist Desmond Morris, and American psychologist Martin Seligman. . They also found what appeared to be the original typed manuscript of Industrial Society and Its Future. . Then in December 1985, Hugh Scrutton, a computer store owner in Sacramento, California, became the first victim who was killed. They were convinced that the bomber was from the Chicago area where he began his bombings, had worked in or had some connection to Salt Lake City, and by the 1990s had some association with the San Francisco Bay Area. [129], Kaczynski is serving eight life sentences without the possibility of parole at ADX Florence, a supermax prison in Florence, Colorado. dept. Nevertheless, he said he was "quite confident that [his] experiences with Professor Murray had no significant effect on the course of [his] life". . These encounters were filmed, and subjects' expressions of anger and rage were later played back to them repeatedly. [58][50] In May of the following year, a bomb was sent to Patrick C. Fischer, a professor of computer science at Vanderbilt University. He was arguably the most elusive suspect in the history of American criminal justice who tested the stamina of the FBI in one of the longest and expensive manhunts ever known. Professor Peter Duren said of Kaczynski, "He was an unusual person. [50][59], Kaczynski's next two bombs targeted people at the University of California, Berkeley. He never seemed to fit in. [77] Kaczynski argues that most people spend their time engaged in useless pursuits because of technological advances; he calls these "surrogate activities", wherein people strive toward artificial goals, including scientific work, consumption of entertainment, political activism and following sports teams. [137], The U.S. government seized Kaczynski's cabin, which they put on display at the Newseum in Washington, D.C., until late 2019, before it was transferred to a nearby FBI museum. [77] Kaczynski's critiques of civilization bear some similarities to anarcho-primitivism, but he rejected and criticized anarcho-primitivist views. "[9] During this period, Kaczynski became intensely interested in mathematics, spending hours studying and solving advanced problems. This was the firebomb found in U. of Utah Business School outside door of room containing some computer stuff. Reports said he rode a bicycle, worked odd jobs around town and volunteered at a local library, where he read voraciously to occupy his time. See the article in its original context from. [55] When authorities presented the case to the public, they denied that there was ever anyone other than Kaczynski involved in the crimes. [140] Prison staff have not disclosed the precise reason for this transfer. WARSAW, Poland (AP) Polish President Lech Kaczynski, who died Saturday in a plane crash in Russia, was a one-time anti-communist activist who teamed up with his twin . [3][4] Between 1978 and 1995, Kaczynski killed three people and injured 23 others in a nationwide mail bombing campaign against people he believed to be advancing modern technology and the destruction of the environment. Though he avoided the death penalty, he will remain in prison for the rest of his life. Theodore Kaczynski. Murphy . His new home, following his guilty plea in January 1998: an isolated cell in a "Supermax" prison in Colorado. Kaczynski predicts that the system will break down if it cannot achieve significant control, and that it is likely this issue will be decided within the next 40 to 100 years. [9] Without any explanation, Kaczynski resigned on June 30, 1969. We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us. In 2006, he said he had unpleasant memories of Michigan and felt the university had low standards for grading, as evidenced by his relatively high grades. [141], Kaczynski has been portrayed in and inspired multiple artistic works in the realm of popular culture. It was from that point on I decided that, rather than trying to acquire further wilderness skills, I would work on getting back at the system. F.B.I. [77] He predicts that further technological advances will lead to extensive human genetic engineering, and that human beings will be adjusted to meet the needs of social systems, rather than vice versa. [115] Forensic psychiatrist Park Dietz said Kaczynski was not psychotic but had a schizoid or schizotypal personality disorder. Kaczynskis DNA, however, did not match and the killings of seven people who swallowed the poisoned medicine in the Chicago area remains unsolved. Journal of Political Ideologies, 1-19. Like a Phoenix, I burst from the ashes of my despair to a glorious new hope. It was the only tangible lead authorities ever had since the first bomb was planted at the University of Illinois at Chicago in 1978. The next victim was an engineering professor at the University of California, Berkeley, who suffered burns and wounds. Credit: Photo courtesy of Boston College Athletics, Ted Kaczynski was arrested at a remote Montana cabin on April 3, 1996, A look back at the day President Reagan was shot 40 years ago this week, FBI exhumes body of man featured in Unsolved Mysteries episode, Jahmyr Gibbs: Georgia Tech helped make me who I am today, Georgia Tech closes regular season with win over Boston College. I went back to the plateau and when I got there I found they had put a road right through the middle of it You just can't imagine how upset I was. The experiment lasted three years, with someone verbally abusing and humiliating Kaczynski each week. FBI profiler James R. Fitzgerald[102][103] recognized similarities in the writings using linguistic analysis and determined that the author of the essays and the manifesto was almost certainly the same person. Just then there came a major turning point in my life. [9], Kaczynski's original goal was to become self-sufficient so he could live autonomously. in good condition? [97][98], After the manifesto was published, the FBI received thousands of leads in response to its offer of a reward for information leading to the identification of the Unabomber.

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