This is a direct result of Cognitive Dissonance. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. Instead the opposite happened. The stronger the S's positive statements about the tasks, and the more ways in which he said they were interesting and enjoyable, the higher the rating. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring Mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people are called________. For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude. Which method of attitude formations is involved in this example? bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. Violent video games have been blamed for all but which of the following? /O 49 When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs. They will decide they wanted to do it anyway, or that maybe it was a good idea, in retrospect. Through the lens of cognitive dissonance theory, however, the explanation was a bit different. /ImageI Festinger's theory said that when a person holds contradictory elements in cognition (producing an unpleasant state called dissonance) the person will work to bring the elements back into agreement or congruence. /Prev 679084 That is uncomfortable, unless you have a good explanation for your behavior (such as being paid a lot of money). After performing the tasks, each of the subjects was then interviewed regarding how enjoyable the tasks were to him. He then said: The E then took the S into the secretary's office where he had previously waited and where the next S was waiting. If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." An internet resource developed by These results are the ones most directly relevant to the specific dissonance which we experimentally created It will be recalled that the tasks were purposely arranged to be rather boring and monotonous. Subjects who received $20 had no problem explaining their behavior to themselves. (p.47). This is manifested in the phenomenon called cognitive dissonance. ________ describes the situation in which people attend to the content of a message. The content of what the S said before the girl made the remark that her friend told her it was boring. A theory of cognitive dissonance. The theory was first introduced in his 1957 book A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance and further elaborated in the article Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance (Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959). In this way, they propose, the person who is forced to improvise a speech convinces himself. repeatedly turning pegs in a peg board for an hour. The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. According to the text, which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behavior? When her boyfriend refuses, she asks, "Well, will you at least wash the dishes then?" /Linearized 1.0 A fraction of the subjects were thanked and let go after being interviewed by another experimenter regarding ways on how the presentation of the boring tasks can be improved for future purposes. In this study, research participants were asked to spend an hour completing boring tasks (for example, repeatedly loading spools onto a tray). 0000011828 00000 n _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love? One would consequently expect to observe such opinion change after a person has been forced or induced to say something contrary to his private opinion. Introducing Cram Folders! ]B|07oS8x 7\>Hu0Y(ax/oFpr9&wcN/lLvxva 0]pr8g7o>:kIR,7V_ so4;OO8{B9D W}evewdJ|zCjmgO41b:f~fH4RZHn%j0d&@0yuV;Yhr.a3{Zolv8=e":1'>TwO_3[p]%zX{H[g*uW?:4?= But nevertheless, the possibility exists that the Ss n the One Dollar condition may have improvised more. The loan officer's belief is an example of_____. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. Dr. Nekita Fuller Gerard goes to his job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn t-shirt, and sandals. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. /ImageC The importance of this announcement will become clear shortly. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. When Gene goes out of town, he expects, in return, that Roger will water his plants. This is the, People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique, how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure, Social loafing can be explained by the fact that, it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. startxref xref The amount of money paid the subject was varied. endobj The three components of attitude are _____, thoughts, and actions. The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. This is. Which is (farther, farthest) away, the library of the park? In the . Let us think of the sum of all the dissonances involving some particular cognition as "D" and the sum of all the consonances as "C." Then we might [p. 204] think of the total magnitude of dissonance as being a function of "D" divided by "D" plus "C.". Three conditions were run, Control, One Dollar, and Twenty Dollars as follows: If the S hesitated, the E said things like, "It will only take a few minutes," "The regular person is pretty reliable; this is the first time he has missed," or "If we needed you we could phone you a day or two in advance; if you couldn't make it of course, we wouldn't expect you to come." The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. Lilly's mother always listens to the classic rock station on her car radio, so Lilly has grown up hearing that music and noticing how much her mother enjoys it. Comparison of the effectiveness of improvised versus non-improvised role-playing in producing opinion change. More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. They did not have to change their attitudes to lie because the money served as ample justification (Cognitive Dissonance). Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments. He hoped to exhibit cognitive dissonance in an experiment which was cleverly disguised as a performance experiment. correct. A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. The mean ratings for the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions, averaging the ratings of the two independent raters, are presented in Table 2. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. >> Leon Festinger and his colleague James The results were surprising to Festinger. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson. Typically the behavior is in the past, by the time the person feels dissonance, so the behavior cannot be changed. in order to reduce dissonance. /L 680077 The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with " Meas-ures of Performance." During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that the psychology department was conducting. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. In Asian cultures, people tend to explain the behavior of others as a result of______. The results are weakly in line with what one would expect if the dissonance were somewhat reduced in this manner. Hence, his cognition of his private belief is dissonant with his cognition concerning his actual public statement. Nicole will probably experience. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson At the beginning of the Festinger and Carlsmith experiment, student volunteers were asked to perform a simple and boring task. For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. endstream endobj startxref (p.3). Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in They were told that a sample of students would be interviewed after having served as Ss. experiment. They were urged to cooperate in these interviews by being completely and honest. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? Half of them were offered $1 to do it, and half of them were offered $20. Seventy-one male students in the introductory psychology course at Stanford University were used in the experiment. KING, B.T. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. anything important? task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so c5; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) Term 1 / 8 aim Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 8 show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by UorFawzi Terms in this set (8) aim Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson, 1957. Actually this finding by Kelman is consistent with the theory we will outline below but, for a number of reasons is not conclusive. What is more, as one might expect, the percentage of subjects who complied increased as the size of the offered reward increased. You don't need our permission to copy the article; just include a link/reference back to this page. Why this might have been the case is, of course, not immediately apparent. The One Dollar condition is higher than the other two. He reasoned that if the person is induced to make an overt statement contrary to his private opinion by the offer of some reward, then the greater the reward offered, the greater should be the subsequent opinion change. Certainly, the more interesting and enjoyable they felt the tasks were, the greater would be their desire to participate in a similar experiment. According to Sternberg, married (committed) people who also have intimacy and passion are in the form of love called______love. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was that the______. 0000000974 00000 n xc```c``Ab,@rb0Sb3``!`m@y"f@00]`ah|GC "$ It shows people will do anything to fit in with the group. The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of, If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the. in order to reduce dissonance. Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). /Parent 45 0 R Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. The prediction [from 3 and 4 above] is that the larger the reward given to the subject, the smaller will be the subsequent opinion change. We mentioned in the introduction that Janis and King (1954; 1956) in explaining their findings, proposed an explanation in terms of the self-convincing effect of mental rehearsal [p. 209] and thinking up new arguments by the person who had to improvise a speech. Which communicator would likely be most persuasive? >> 4. (Goleman, 1991). This has many practical implications. << bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). [2] All statistical tests referred to in this paper are two-tailed. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. The behavioral component of prejudice is______. asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room. [p. 208] In the Twenty Dollar condition, where less dissonance was created experimentally because of the greater importance of the consonant relations, there is correspondingly less evidence of dissonance reduction. A. Nicole practiced diligently with her mom. This means you're free to copy, share and adapt any parts (or all) of the text in the article, as long as you give appropriate credit and provide a link/reference to this page. When the S arrived for the experiment on "Measures of Performance" he had to wait for a few minutes in the secretary's office. Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. endobj Festinger, L. (1957). In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). This is further explained in Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith's study in 1954. They choose among the available experiments by signing their names on a sheet posted on the bulletin board which states the nature of the experiment. The greater the reward offered (beyond what was necessary to elicit the behavior) the smaller was the effect. Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. Sigmund Freud believed that aggression is. The result that the Twenty Dollar condition is actually lower than the Control condition is undoubtedly a matter of chance (t = 0.58). From this point on, the procedure for all three conditions was once more identical. The more scientifically important they considered the experiment to be, the less was the total magnitude of dissonance. One way in which the dissonance can be reduced is for the person to change his private opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has said. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. 49 0 obj On the other hand, people paid only $1 were more likely to say, when asked later, that the experiment was "not bad" or that it was "interesting.". They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. So they did not have to change their true attitudes. Social Researcher. Sandy was using_______ processing. Like in every other study, there are some responses that are deemed to be invalid. All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT. He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill. Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? Rating scale 0 to 10. In the Latane and Darley experiment, subjects were most likely to help when______. The participants were 71 male students in totality. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones who were___________. <> If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. endstream The participants were experiencing cognitive dissonance because they were being asked to tell other people that the tasks were fun and interesting when, in reality, they were tedious and boring. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. And, indeed, in the Control condition the average rating was -.45, somewhat on the negative side of the neutral point. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. There is another possible way, however. Specifically, subjects were asked to put spools onto and then off the try with the use of only one hand for half an hour, and then for the next half hour, turn square pegs clockwise in quarter turns, and then start all over again once the whole cycle's been finished for all 48 square pegs. As the E and the S started to walk to the office where the interviewer was, the E said: "Thanks very much for working on those tasks for us. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. 1. It is clear from examining the table that, in all cases, the Twenty Dollar condition is slightly higher The differences are small, however, and only on the rating of "amount of time" does the difference between the two conditions even approach significance. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. Cognitive Dissonance. Cries for help, shouting, and loud noises all help with which step in the decision process for helping? In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. After the half hour on the second task was over, the E conspicuously set the stop watch back to zero, put it away, pushed his chair back, lit a cigarette, and said: Up to this point the procedure was identical for Ss in all conditions. Their prediction provedcorrect. Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: Abused children grow up to become abusers about one third of the time. Recently, Festinger (1957) bas proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance. 0000010660 00000 n :>"we>WN,}Arj*L^{l"C9](j0xfyK.1^8 jKbE#/`^%]Ply48o~9cw+ecw/j;k`t)# -3ffua0D@~1` cp \nO7uF& o>u$]oK' 2WBxK>rVyRZ 7%M6xdKmUD}],'WpaB2t$t@^K,JLiM 6H] WA@'n. (Goleman, 1991) These recordings were transcribed and then rated, by two independent raters, on five dimensions. Which of the following is not a factor that influences attitude formation? /Resources 50 0 R A little more than 60 years ago, Leon Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957). & KING, B.T. Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. This has many practical implications. In this condition, the average rating was +1.35, considerably on the positive side and significantly different from the Control condition at the .02 level[2] (t = 2.48). /Size 61 Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. 50 0 obj Hum. Festinger and Carlsmith experiment A study conducted in which people were offered money to express attitudes that they did not hold; people who were offered big sums justified their behavior by the money but people who were offered smaller sums changed their attitudes to make them more consistent with their behavior This illustrates, If Julie holds the specific attitude that smoking is bad and will likely have an adverse effect on her health, possibly causing lung cancer or emphysema, Julie is, more likely to match her behavior to her attitude by not smoking, When trying to persuade an audience, the message should. The subjects who received $1 did not have a very good reason to lie. conformed to the group answer about one-third of the time. The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution. In one study, college students liked another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. After completing the tasks, the participants were asked to persuade another student (who were already informed of the experiment confederates) into agreeing to participate. gsKkaO\Cw`c L J=x8;zy\kd7vHzl=1~6}4=m_IQfKn[3Mqwp0uyM-P:. "Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes" The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. In this study, Festinger and Carlsmith found that How Much They Learned From the Experiment. Their job is to give the next group of participants a delightful introduction of the tasks they have previously performed. Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted a series of experiments called Asch conformity to study how the behavior of a certain group influence the behav Normative conformity is most commonly referred to as peer pressure, and is prevalent in our present society. What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latane? Were the tasks interesting and enjoyable? The S worked at this task for another half hour. An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognition. Marco is using an example of. The girl, after this listened quietly, accepting and agreeing to everything the S told her. But when Eddie is late the next day, he blames it on heavy traffic. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. However, when she doesn't get time to study, she cheats on her history test. Oct. 2011. There are, after all, other ways in which the experimentally created dissonance could be reduced. The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group. enjoyable than the others would. %%EOF Kelman (1953) tried to pursue the matter further. The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________. The reliabilities of these ratings, that is, the correlations between the two independent raters, ranged from .61 to .88, with an average reliability of .71. I'm sure you'll enjoy it." The researchers further concluded, with the help of the said results, that with $1, participants found no significant justification thus the occurrence of cognitive dissonance. The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called. The Control condition gives us, essentially, the reactions of Ss to the tasks and their opinions about the experiment as falsely explained to them, without the experimental introduction of dissonance. FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. When members of a cult are trying to enlist a new recruit, they start by asking the recruit to make a small commitment, such as attending a short meeting or helping out at a social function. This person has two cognitions which, psychologically, do not fit together: one of these is the knowledge that he believes "X," the other the knowledge that he has publicly stated that he believes "not X." I hope you did enjoy it. task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so Cognitive Dissonance refers to the discomfort that is felt when a person has two beliefs that conflict with each other, or when they are engaging in . _________ has been linked to higher levels of aggression. Twenty Dollar condition. What is the Sacrifice Trap? {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. Many people resisted school desegregation, saying, "You can't change people's behavior before you change their attitudes.". Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. Don't see what you need? These are: 1. OF A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION. Cognitive dissonance is at the heart of this insidious prejudice, write Berit Brogaard and Dimitria Gatzia. The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. 3. Relat., 1953, 6, 185-214. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. /Contents 58 0 R Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. The Effects of Prejudice, Stereotype & Discrimination The results strongly corroborate the theory that was tested. }. The discussion between the S and the girl was recorded on a hidden tape recorder. According to Festinger and Carlsmith, the participants experienced dissonance between the conflicting cognitions of telling someone that a particular task is interesting when the truth is, they found it rather uninteresting and boring.

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