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Technol. WebUltraviolet light accelerates the degradation of polyethylene plastics Author Mustafa Doan 1 Affiliation 1 The Scientific and Technological Researches Application and Research doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.037, Peng, B. Y., Chen, Z., Chen, J., Yu, H., Zhou, X., Criddle, C. S., et al. Biotechnol. (2011). Biodegradation of polyethylene by Enterobacter sp. Polymers 4, 617629. Ubiquity of polystyrene digestion and biodegradation within yellow mealworms, larvae of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Challenges with verifying microbial degradation of polyethylene. 88, 189198. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030, Arias, S., Olivera, E. R., Arcos, M., Naharro, G., and Luengo, J. M. (2008). Figure 6. Sci. 7 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Petro-Plastics With Ester-Bond Back-Bones and Side-Chains, Petro-Plastic With Hetero/Carbamate(Urethane) Bonds: Polyurethane, Enzymes Involved in Degradation of Synthetic Polymers, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.580709, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). (2015). 
Environ. (2009). Soc. The biodegradation mechanisms of petro-plastics are likely related to the types of bonds in the polymeric chains (since the active sites of related enzymes are individual for any specific bond). J. Biotechnol. Biophys. Cologny: World Economic Forum. Microbial degradation of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) (adapted from Austin et al., 2018). Also, additives introduced into plastics such as plasticizers, contribute to fungal nutrients for growth. Degradation and metabolism of synthetic plastics and associated products by Pseudomonas sp. doi: 10.1021/es504038a, Yang, L., Gao, J., Liu, Y., Zhuang, G., Peng, X., Wu, W.-M., et al. 24, 798803. Bacteria in the gut of the greater wax worm, Galleria melonella have been found capable of hydrolyzing polyethylene (PE) (Yang et al., 2014; Bombelli et al., 2017; Cassone et al., 2020). Zheng, Y., and Yanful, E. K. (2005). Sci. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. 3Pr-126 (Kataoka et al., 2001). Plastics Additives (1998) demonstrated that only 0.1% per year of the carbon that makes up the polymer is converted into CO2 by biodegradation under optimum laboratory conditions. Biodegrad. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02663, Yin, C.-F., Xu, Y., and Zhou, N.-Y. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.02.012, Osaki, T., Omotezako, M., Nagayama, R., Hirata, M., Iwanaga, S., Kasahara, J., et al. Appl. 735:139521. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139521, Billig, S., Oeser, T., Birkemeyer, C., and Zimmermann, W. (2010). PS are extremely stable polymers with high molecular weight and strong hydrophobic character, which makes these polymers highly resistant to biodegradation (Albertsson and Karlsson, 1993; Ho et al., 2018). doi: 10.1080/10889868.2018.1516620, Jasso, C. F., Gonzalez-Ortiz, L. J., Contrews, J. R., Mendizabal, M. E., and Mora, G. J. Biodegrad. 43, 3741. AMB Express 4:44. doi: 10.1186/s13568-014-0044-9, Wei, R., and Zimmermann, W. (2017). Mineralization of recalcitrant environmental pollutants by the white rot fungus, in Proceedings of The National Conference on Hazardous Wastes and Hazardous Materials Washington, DC, 146151. doi: 10.1007/s00244-015-0192-1, Kleeberg, I., Hetz, C., Kroppenstedt, R. M., Mller, R.-J., and Deckwer, W.-D. (1998). U.S.A. 115, E4350E4357. A variety of bacterial strains were able to use polyester-polyurethane polymers as carbon, nitrogen and energy source for growth, e.g., P. aeruginosa (Kay et al., 1991), Corynebacterium sp. (2011). Biotechnol. Technol. doi: 10.1016/S0922-338X(97)82013-2, Nechwatal, A., Blokesch, A., Nicolai, M., Krieg, M., Kolbe, A., Wolf, M., et al. Environ. YP1 from the gut of Plodia interpunctella (Indianmeal moth). (2020). 2, 200204. 266:115206. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115206, Peng, B. Y., Su, Y., Chen, Z., Chen, J., Zhou, X., Benbow, M. E., et al. Polymer chains are broken by enzymes secreted by the microbes, and the hydrolysis products are taken up and metabolized. 5:eaax1157. Free shipping for many products! Screening for Polypropylene degradation potential of bacteria isolated from mangrove ecosystems in Penninsular Malaysia. Biochemical and biophysical characteristics of cutin, a plant barrier biopolymer. Appl. Microbiol. Peng et al. Relationship between -oxidation pathway and the hydrocarbon-degrading profile in actinomycetes bacteria. 
(2012). Biodeterior. Enzymes for the biofunctionalization of poly(ethylene terephthalate). doi: 10.1128/AEM.28.6.1084-1085.1974, Harada, T., and Hirabayashi, T. (1968). strain E4 were shown to play an important role in biodegradation of a non-oxidized LMWPE (Yoon et al., 2012). The general mechanism for biological degradation of plastics under aerobic conditions. Commercially available low-crystalline PET (PET-GF) has approximately 67% crystallinity (Ronqvist et al., 2009; Kawai et al., 2014). Bacterial species, such as Bacillus spp. AF4. Pollut. 
Polym. Biofilm formation and partial biodegradation of polystyrene by the actinomycete Rhodococcus ruber: biodegradation of polystyrene. Environmental pollution by plastic waste was first reported in the 1970s (Carpenter and Smith, 1972). Their co-culture grew on LDPE and removed LDPE mulching films by 18% over 30 days. Yoshida, S., Hiraga, K., Takehara, T., and Oda, K. (2016). Int. Characterization of oxidized oligomers from polyethylene films by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy before and after biodegradation by a Rhodococcus rhodochrous strain. 31, 10941099. Chemosphere 262:127818. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127818, Yang, S.-S., Brandon, A. M., Andrew Flanagan, J. C., Yang, J., Ning, D., Cai, S.-Y. Bacteriol. (2018). Eyheraguibel et al. Montazer, Z., Habibi Najafi, M. B., and Levin, D. B. A., Hasan, F., Hameed, A., and Ahmed, S. (2008). Technol. P. putida strain JM37 was able to utilize EG as a sole source of carbon and energy. Biodegrad. Chem. Chem. 88, 8390. Microbiol. Biodegrad. Trans. Degrad. Mater. (2020) showed chewing and ingesting of polyethylene by T. molitor larvae created holes and reduced the size of polyethylene films, but digestion was not explicitly confirmed. Prog. 
Degrad. Montazer et al. 274, 2617226178. Recent studies have shown that the digestive tracts (gut) of some insects function as bioreactors, with digestive enzymes and gut microbiomes that appear to contribute to and accelerate the biodegradation rate of some recalcitrant plastics. Sci. PET-based plastics possess a high degree of crystallinity (3050%), which is one of the principal reasons for their low rate of microbial degradation, which is projected to take more than 50 years for complete degraded in the natural environment, and hundreds of years if discarded into the oceans, due to their lower temperature and oxygen availability. Environ. doi: 10.1139/cjm-2018-0335, Montazer, Z., Habibi Najafi, M. B., and Levin, D. B. Plastic debris in the environment is degraded in nature by photo-, bio-, and thermo-oxidative depolymerization as well as friction (Barnes et al., 2009; Browne et al., 2011). Copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. doi: 10.1128/AEM.24.6.911-919.1972, Gorghiu, L. M., Jipa, S., Zaharescu, T., Setnescu, R., and Mihalcea, I. doi: 10.1002/app.26328, Heredia, A. Math. These polymers constitute the main packaging materials (Plastics Europe, 2017). In some cases, the enzymes expressed by these microbes have been cloned and sequenced. J. Mol. Chem. Bioresour. Thermoplastics, in Handbook of Plastics, Elastomers and Composites, 4th Edn, ed. These limitations include: (i) the need to sustain insect cultures to produce the larvae that feed on PE; (ii) the potentially high cost of maintaining these cultures; and (iii) generation of microplastics that may contribute to environmental problems, due to incomplete degradation and lack of mineralization Instead, finding new isolates of bacteria and/or fungi with the ability to degrade PE, and understanding the exact mechanisms of biodegradation pathways, may be more efficient in developing of new methods of PE waste management (Billen et al., 2020; Montazer et al., 2020b). Chem. Chem. It is suggested that the build-up of hydrophilic groups in the coating during coating degradation promoted water absorption into the coating system, then the alternating dry and wet environment caused the formation of osmotic cells and thus blisters on the coating surfaces. Isotactic polypropylene biodegradation by a microbial community: physicochemical characterization of metabolites produced. Damage characteristics produced by insect pests in packaging film. Biochim. 143, 207212. Cutinases (EC 3.1.1.74) are a sub-class of esterase enzymes that have gained importance because of their ability to hydrolyze polyesters with a high molar mass (Chen et al., 2013). The enzymatic degradation occurs in two stages: adsorption of enzymes on the polymer surface, followed by hydro-peroxidation/hydrolysis of the bonds. Despite the fact that these plastics represent non-natural chemicals, several microorganisms capable of metabolizing these polymers have been identified in recent years. The Rhodococcus sp. Some microorganisms with the ability to degrade petro-polymers under in vitro conditions have been isolated and characterized. Biodegradation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera Tenebrionidae) larvae. (2014). (2020b). 10, 413432. 
Biodeterior. The UV source was two 1000 W xenon arch lamps, which Int. Many strains of Pseudomonas and Bacillus have been observed to degrade complex, recalcitrant compounds such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and have been associated with the partial degradation of a wide-range of petro-plastics, including PE, PS, PP, PVC, PET and ester-based PU. This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada through a Discovery Grant (RGPIN-04945-2017) held by DL. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.02.015, Islam, S., Apitius, L., Jakob, F., and Schwaneberg, U. Microbiol. 64, 6267. The AHs of Pseudomonas sp. Environ. Polym. PETase, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) hydrolase or PET-digesting enzyme; BHET, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid; MHET, mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid; TPA, terephthalic acid; EG, Ethylene glycol. Surface engineering of a cutinase from Thermobifida cellulosilytica for improved polyester hydrolysis. However, while P. putida KT2440 was able to use EG a carbon source, it did not grow well. Although most biodegradable plastics are polyesters [e.g., polyhydroxyalkanoate, PCL, polybutylene succinate, polybutylene succinate-co-adipate, and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)], PET, which is also a polyester, but is considered to be recalcitrant to biodegradation (Marques-Calvo et al., 2006). The determination of the suitability of this information 
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